Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part 1: Research on Dictionary Use: State of the Art -- 1. User-oriented Dictionary Research: a Brief History -- 1.1. Lexicography: theory and practice -- 1.2. The user perspective: innovation -- 1.3. The growing awareness of user needs -- 1.4. Advances in user-oriented research -- 2. Research on Dictionary Use in Language Learning -- 2.1. Dictionary use in vocabulary learning -- 2.2. Dictionary use in decoding activities -- 2.3. Dictionary use in encoding activities -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. Needs and Skills Analysis of L2 Dictionary Users -- 3.1. The development of needs analysis in dictionary research -- 3.2. A framework for needs analysis -- 3.3. Needs analysis of native speakers as dictionary users -- 3.4. Needs analysis of ESL/EFL learners -- 3.5. Skills analysis -- 3.6. A new framework for needs and skills analysis -- 3.7. Summary -- 4. Research on Dictionary Use: Methodological Considerations -- 4.1. Areas and hypotheses concerning research into dictionary use -- 4.2. Towards a more comprehensive framework for the research on dictionary use -- 4.3. Methods for research into dictionary use -- 4.4. Summary -- Part 2: Empirical Studies -- 5. The Effect of Long-term Dictionary Use on Reading Comprehension -- 5.1. Purpose -- 5.2. Method -- 5.3. Results -- 5.4. Discussion -- 5.5. Summary -- 6. How to Assess Dictionary Using Skills for Language Learning -- 6.1. Two major studies on the assessment of dictionary using skills -- 6.2. The components of a test of dictionary using skills -- 6.3. A comparative study of the dictionary skills test -- 6.4. Summary -- 7. A Good Dictionary User: What Makes the Difference? -- 7.1. Background -- 7.2. Method -- 7.3. Results and discussion -- 7.4. Summary -- 8. Macrostructure Skills: Idiom Look-up Operations -- 8.1. The treatment of idioms in dictionaries.

8.2. Idiom patterns in the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English (1985) -- 8.3. Idiom look-up strategies: Béjoint (1981) -- 8.4. Method -- 8.5. Results -- 8.6. Discussion -- 8.7. Summary -- 9. Microstructure Skills: Process of Dictionary Look-up in L2/L1 Translation -- 9.1. Background -- 9.2. Method -- 9.3. Results -- 9.4. Discussion -- 9.5. Summary -- 10. Microstructure Skills: the Effect of Menu on the Look-up Process -- 10.1. Purpose -- 10.2. Method -- 10.3. Results and discussion -- 10.4. Summary -- 11. Macrostructure Revisited: the Effect of Signposts/Guidewords -- 11.1. Background -- 11.2. Method -- 11.3. Results and discussion -- 11.4. Summary -- 12. Using Learners' Error Information for L2 Lexicography -- 12.1. Background -- 12.2. JEFLL corpus project -- 12.3. Collocation errors of English basic verbs -- 12.4. Corpus analysis procedure -- 12.5. Results of verb collocation analysis -- 12.6. Integrating error information into lexicographical description -- 12.7. Summary -- 13. L2 Learner Corpora for Pedagogical Dictionaries: The Case of Make -- 13.1. Background -- 13.2. Method -- 13.3. Results -- 13.4. Summary -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- Bibliography.