Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 Deterministic causation -- 1 Singular and general causation -- 2 Two sorts of cause -- 3 Causation's incomplete truth table -- 4 Deterministic causation -- 5 Causal conditionals -- 6 Strict conditionals -- 7 Closest-world conditionals -- 2 The chances of effects -- 1 Chances -- 2 The chances of an effect -- 3 Closest-world chances -- 4 Chance, sufficiency and necessity -- 3 Interpretations of probability -- 1 Probability and necessity -- 2 Credence -- 3 Evidential probability -- 4 Frequency -- 4 Chance -- 1 The conditions on chance -- 2 Frequencies and credences -- 3 What chance is -- 4 Chances and propensities -- 5 Indeterministic causation -- 1 Radioactivity -- 2 Hidden variables -- 3 The irrelevance of hidden variables -- 4 The connotations of causation -- 5 Evidence -- 6 Explanation -- 7 Conclusion -- 6 Raising the chances of effects -- 1 The limits of indeterminism -- 2 Causes as evidence -- 3 The evidence of our senses -- 4 Explanation and inference -- 5 Explanation and necessity -- 7 Causes as means -- 1 The means-end connotation -- 2 Valuations and utilities -- 3 Means and ends -- 4 Means and mean utilities -- 5 Causes as means to ends -- 6 The limitations of mean utility -- 8 Degrees of effectiveness -- 1 Connotations that come by degrees -- 2 More or less evidence -- 3 Better and worse explanations -- 4 More or less useful means -- 5 More or less effective causes -- 6 Overdetermination -- 7 Overdetermination and mental causation -- 9 Factual causes and effects -- 1 Iterated causation -- 2 The initial case for facts -- 3 The identity of facts -- 4 The argument that causation links all facts or none -- 5 How causation can link facts -- 6 Facts and events -- 10 Events -- 1 Events and things -- 2 The temporal parts of events -- 3 The identity of events.

4 Events and changes -- 5 Davidson's argument for events -- 6 Events for the sake of argument -- 11 Particular causes and effects -- 1 Causation and causal explanation -- 2 Negative causes and effects -- 3 Existential and particular causes and effects -- 4 Facts first? -- 12 Affecting particulars -- 1 Causing and affecting -- 2 Essential and inessential facts -- 3 Identity criteria -- 4 How particulars cause and affect each other -- 5 Opaque causation -- 6 Transparent causation -- 7 Transparent and factual causation -- 13 Causal relations -- 1 The case for a relation of causation -- 2 Properties and relations, predicates and concepts -- 3 Causation between particulars -- 4 Facts and facta -- 5 Facta as causes and effects -- 6 The facta of causation -- 14 Causal facta -- 1 Propensities and properties -- 2 Properties and laws -- 3 The facta of propensity -- 4 Causal structures -- 5 The structure of causal facta -- 15 Properties -- 1 Universals -- 2 Facta and laws -- 3 Laws and law statements -- 4 Laws and properties -- 5 Nominalism -- 6 Identifying properties -- 7 Complex properties -- 16 Laws -- 1 Laws and particulars -- 2 Properties and particulars -- 3 Nomic relations -- 4 Determinable universals -- 5 Nomic facta and nomic facts -- 6 Nomic and singular facta -- 7 Laws and spacetime -- 8 Points and other particulars -- 17 Time -- 1 The precedence of causes -- 2 Simultaneous causation -- 3 Causal loops -- 4 Contiguity -- 5 Causability and precedence -- 6 The causal form of inner sense -- Bibliography -- Index.