BOOK COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter One INTRODUCTION: TRADE POLICIES AND THEIR EFFECTS -- 1 PROTECTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES -- 1.1 The rise in protectionism -- 1.2 Protection and exports from developing countries -- 2 THE EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION -- 2.1 Simulation studies -- 2.2 Some refinements and comments -- 2.3 The effects on economic policy decisions -- 3 EUROPEAN TRADE POLICIES AND THE DEVELOPING WORLD -- Notes and References -- Part One GENERAL STUDIES -- Chapter Two AN UNHOLY ALLIANCE: THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PRINCIPLES OF THE LIBERAL INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER -- 2.1 Fundamental norms -- 2.2 Underlying values -- 2.3 Economic aspects -- 3. ON THE BINDING OF LEVIATHAN IN THE LIBERAL TRADING SYSTEM -- 3.1 Nature of the constraints -- 3.2 Enforcement of the constraints -- 3.3 Fragility of the constraints -- 3.4 Successes and failures of the post-war trading system -- 4. DISCRIMINATION AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY -- 4.1 Some common threads -- 4.2 Preferences as imperialism -- 4.3 Discrimination and resistance to adjustment -- 5. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- 5.1 'Equal treatment of unequals is unjust' -- 5.2 'Help' and international discipline -- 5.3 Preferences -- 5.4 From contract to status -- 6. DEAD END? -- Notes and references -- Chapter Three THE EVOLVING PATTERN OF WORLD TRADE, EC TRADE POLICY AND EXPORTS FROM THE SOUTH -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE TRADE STANCE OF THE 'BIG THREE' TRADING NATIONS -- 2.1 The EC, USA and Japan in trade and production of manufactures -- 2.2 The geographical pattern of trade -- 2.3 Are exports from the South reaching market limits? -- 3. THE COMMON TRADE POLICY AND OPENNESS OF INDIVIDUAL MEMBER COUNTRIES -- 3.1 The common trade policy.

3.2 Openness of individual member countries -- 3.3 Protection and its "political economy" -- 4. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE AND THE PROSPECTS OF SOUTH-EC TRADE -- 4.1 Comparative advantages of developing countries: an overview -- 4.2 Simply transformed primary products -- 4.3 Unskilled labour-intensive products -- 4.3.1 Textiles, clothing, shoes. -- 4.3.2 Miscellaneous light manufactures. -- 4.4 New breakthroughs in the troubled "new mature" industries? -- Steel -- Shipbuilding -- Automobiles -- 5. CONCLUSION -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Four THE SECTOR-COUNTRY INCIDENCE OF ANTI-DUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTY CASES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. IMPORT RESTRICTIONS IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES: A BRIEF OVERVIEW -- 3. SOME FEATURES OF THE AD/CVD PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- (a) The discretionary powers of the administrators -- (b) The frequency of price undertakings -- 4. IMPORTS UNDER THE AD/CVD CASES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- 5. COUNTRY INCIDENCE OF AD/CVD CASES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- (a) Country incidence of AD/CVD cases initiated -- (b) Country-incidence of AD/CVD cases terminated by the acceptance of price-undertakings -- (c) Country-incidence of AD/CVD cases terminated by the imposition of definitive duties -- 6. SECTOR-INCIDENCE OF AD/CVD CASES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- (a) Sector-incidence of AD/CVD cases initiated -- (b) Sector incidence of the AD/CVD cases terminated by the acceptance of price-undertakings -- (c) Sector incidence of AC/CVD cases terminated by the imposition of definitive duties -- (d) Some recent developments -- 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Notes -- References -- Part Two SECTOR STUDIES -- Chapter Five EC AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- 1. POLICIES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES' AGRICULTURE.

1.1 The common agricultural policy -- 1.2 Agricultural development under the CAP -- 2. SPECIFICATION OF THE MODEL SYSTEM -- 2.1 Countries and commodities -- 2.2 The nature of the BLS -- 2.3 A typical national policy model of the FAP -- Supply responses -- Income generation -- Demand behaviour -- Government policy -- 2.4 The international linkage -- 2.5 Validation and tuning -- 2.6 Exogenous and endogenous variables in the BLS -- 3. AGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS -- 3.1 The analytical framework -- 3.2 The reference scenario -- 4. REMOVING BORDER PROTECTION IN THE EC -- 4.1 The notion of trade liberalization and the scheme of analysis -- 4.2 Consequences of removing EC border protection for world agriculture -- 4.3 Trade liberalization by the EC increases world market prices -- 4.4 Adjustments within the EC -- 4.5 Consequences for developing countries -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Six SOME POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF LIBERALIZING THE MULTI FIBRE ARRANGEMENT -- 1. THE MULTI FIBRE ARRANGEMENT -- 1.1 Short history and objectives -- 1.2 The MFA and the EC -- 1.3 Protective effect -- 1.3.1 Tariff equivalents. -- 1.3.2 Trade coverage and quota utilization rates. -- 2. ABOLISHING THE MFA -- EFFECTS FOR LDCS, THE EC, AND THE NETHERLANDS -- 2.1 Effects for the EC and the Netherlands -- 2.1.1 Methodology. -- 2.1.2 Data and parameters: values and sources. -- 2.1.3 Results. -- 2.3 Effects for LDCs -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Seven FOLLIES OF POLICIES FOR TEXTILE IMPORTS IN WESTERN EUROPE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPORT RESTRAINTS AND TARIFF EQUIVALENTS -- 3. RESTRAINTS IN CUSTOMS UNIONS AND FREE TRADE AREAS -- 4. EVIDENCE ON TARIFF EQUIVALENTS IN WESTERN EUROPE -- 5. EFFECTS ON TRADE AMONG WEST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES -- 6. EFFECTS OF LIBERALIZATION IN SWEDEN -- 7. IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE -- Notes and References.

Chapter Eight SOME ESTIMATES OF THE COSTS OF PROTECTION IN TWO IMPORT SENSITIVE SECTORS IN THE UK -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DATA AND ESTIMATION -- 2.1 Made-up clothing -- 2.1.1 Costs of protection. -- 2.1.2 Benefits of protection. -- 2.2 Non-leather footwear -- 2.2.1 Costs of protection. -- 2.2.2 Benefits of protection. -- 2.2.3 Evaluation. -- 3. SOME IMPLICATIONS OF SOURCE SPECIFIC RESTRAINTS FOR THE SOUTH -- 3.1 Restraint facing LDCs/NICs -- 3.2 Non-restraint facing LDCs/NICs -- 4. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- Notes -- References -- Chapter Nine A EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PRECEDENT: EXPORTS OF VCRs FROM JAPAN -- 1. THE FIRST VER BETWEEN THE EC AND JAPAN: A TRADE POLICY BACKGROUND -- 2. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE VER: MARKET SIZE AND SHARES -- 2.1 Permitted Japanese sales -- 2.2 European output and permitted Japanese exports -- 3. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE VER: PRICE BEHAVIOUR -- 3.1 The minimum selling price for Japanese producers -- 3.2 The behaviour of VCR prices in the European Community -- 4. WELFARE EFFECTS -- 4.1 Welfare costs -- 4.2 Welfare gains -- 4.2.1 Employment in assembly of Japanese kits. -- 4.2.2 Output and employment in Philips and Grundig. -- 5. THE VER AS AN INSTRUMENT OF ECONOMIC POLICY -- 5.1 The dynamics of the VER -- 5.2 The VER as a precedent for policy -- Notes -- References -- Part Three COUNTRY STUDIES -- Chapter Ten DOES FRENCH PROTECTION DISCRIMINATE AGAINST LDCs? -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TARIFF PROTECTION -- 2.1 Nominal tariff protection -- 2.2 "Implicit" tariff protection -- 3. NON-TARIFF BARRIERS AT THE BORDERS -- 3.1 NTBs creation as a result of contradictory bureaucratic behaviour -- 3.2 The lower bound estimate: official import quotas -- 3.3 The upper bound: "sensitive" imports -- 3.4 French NTBs at the intra-EC borders -- 4. NON-BORDER PROTECTION -- 4.1 Domestic taxes -- 4.2 Domestic subsidies -- 4.3 Export subsidies.

4.4 Public Procurements, Quotas on Domestic Sales and Nationalized Firms -- 4.5 Again the bias against LDCs exports -- Notes -- References -- Annex -- Chapter Eleven GREEK ACCESSION AND EC COMMERCIAL POLICY TOWARD THE SOUTH -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK FOREIGN TRADE AND PROTECTION -- 2.1 Trade -- 2.2 Protection -- 2.3 Market penetration -- 3. GREEK AND LDCs EXPORTS ON THE EC MARKET -- 3.1 Similarity of Export Patterns -- 3.2 Trade developments since accession -- 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Notes -- References -- NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS -- THE HAGUE GROUP -- AUTHOR INDEX -- INDEX.