Management of Technology: Managing Effectively in Technology-Intensive Organizations -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Challenges of Managing in High-Technology -- 1.1 Managing in Today's High-Tech Business Environment -- 1.2 MoT Scope and Focus -- 1.3 Developing a Formal Definition -- 1.4 The Special Role of Engineering Management -- 1.4.1 Educational Impact -- 1.5 Global Dimensions -- 1.6 Impact of Internet and e-Commerce -- 1.7 Technology and Society -- 1.8 Future Trends -- 1.9 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 1.10 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 1.11 References and Additional Readings -- 2 Managing in an e-Business World -- 2.1 A Changing Environment -- 2.2 The Unique Nature of Managing Technology-Based Businesses -- 2.3 History of Managing Technology -- 2.4 Forces That Drive Technology Companies Today -- 2.5 Measuring Technology Content and Intensity -- 2.5.1 Dimensions of Technology Intensity -- 2.6 Case Study: Reprogramming Amazon -- Self-Reinforcing Cycle -- Busting Out -- Impossible Dream? -- 2.7 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 2.8 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 2.9 References and Additional Readings -- 3 Organizing the High-Technology Enterprise -- 3.1 Today's Business Processes Require Flexibility, Speed, and Efficiency -- 3.2 Organization Designs for Technology-Based Enterprises -- 3.3 Organizational Layers and Subsystems -- 3.4 Organizational Choices -- 3.4.1 Matrix Organized -- 3.5 Real-World Hybrids -- 3.5.1 Managerial Perspective -- 3.6 Understanding the Working Environment -- 3.6.1 Make Interdisciplinary Relations Work for You -- 3.7 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 3.8 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 3.9 References and Additional Readings -- 4 Concurrent Engineering and Integrated Product Development -- 4.1 The Need for Effective Management Processes.

4.1.1 From Idea to Market -- 4.2 A Spectrum of Contemporary Management Systems -- 4.3 Concurrent Engineering-A Unique Project Management Concept -- 4.4 Criteria for Success -- 4.5 Defining the Process to the Team -- 4.6 Understanding the Challenges -- 4.7 Understanding the Organizational Components -- 4.8 Recommendations for Effective Management -- 4.9 Conclusion -- 4.10 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 4.11 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 4.12 References and Additional Readings -- 5 Managing People and Organizations -- 5.1 Changing Roles of Managerial Leadership -- 5.1.1 Core Management Issues -- 5.2 Motivation and Technology Performance -- 5.2.1 Sixteen Professional Needs That Affect Technology-Based Performance -- 5.2.2 Implications for Organizational Performance -- 5.2.3 Motivation as a Function of Need Satisfaction -- 5.2.4 Motivation as a Function of Risks and Challenges -- 5.2.5 Manage in the Range of High Motivation -- 5.3 Formal Models of Motivation -- 5.3.1 The Nature of Motivation -- 5.3.2 Early Theories of Motivation -- 5.3.3 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -- 5.3.4 Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory -- 5.3.5 Vroom's Expectancy Theory -- 5.3.6 Reinforcement Theory -- 5.3.7 Operant Conditioning -- 5.3.8 How to Manage -- 5.4 Leadership in Technology -- 5.4.1 Rensis Likert and the Michigan Studies -- 5.4.2 The Managerial Grid -- 5.4.3 Situational Leadership Theories -- 5.4.4 Perspectives on Engineering and Technology Management -- 5.5 The Power Spectrum in Technology Management -- 5.5.1 Motivation, Managerial Power, and Performance -- 5.5.2 Power Sharing and Dual Accountability -- 5.5.3 Role of Salary -- 5.5.4 Correlation to Technology Management Performance -- 5.6 How to Make It Work: Suggestions for Increasing Effectiveness -- 5.7 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 5.8 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion.

5.9 References and Additional Readings -- 6 Managing Technology-Based Projects -- 6.1 Management of Technology Is Project-Oriented -- 6.1.1 Project Management Characteristics in a Changing World -- 6.2 Modern Project Management: A Continuously Evolving System -- 6.2.1 Forces Driving Modern Project Management -- 6.2.2 New Tools, Techniques, and Management Philosophies -- 6.3 The Formal Project Management System -- 6.3.1 Project Management Tools and Techniques -- 6.4 Framing the Project -- 6.4.1 The Work Breakdown Structure -- 6.5 Defining the Work -- 6.5.1 Scope Statement -- 6.5.2 Statement of Work -- 6.5.3 Specifications -- 6.5.4 Work Package -- 6.5.5 Task Authorization -- 6.5.6 Deliverables -- 6.6 Managing Time and Resources -- 6.6.1 Schedules and Networks -- 6.6.2 Milestone Chart -- 6.6.3 The Bar Graph -- 6.6.4 Network Techniques -- 6.6.5 Project Budgets and Cost Accounts -- 6.6.6 The Budgeting Process -- 6.6.7 Cost Accounts -- 6.7 Defining the Project Organization -- 6.7.1 Task Matrix and Task Roster -- 6.8 Using Project Management Tools Properly -- 6.9 A Model for Project Performance -- 6.10 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 6.11 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 6.12 References and Additional Readings -- 7 Measuring and Controlling the Work -- 7.1 The Challenges of Managerial Control in Technology -- 7.2 What We Know About Managerial Controls in Complex Work Environments -- 7.2.1 Evolution of Control Tools and Techniques -- 7.2.2 Control Tools and Techniques Available Today -- 7.2.3 How Do Companies Cope? -- 7.3 Characteristics of Effective Controls -- 7.4 How Do Managers Control Technology-Intensive Work? -- 7.4.1 Popularity and Value of Project Control Techniques -- 7.4.2 Satisfaction with Project Management Techniques -- 7.5 Recommendations for Using Management Controls Effectively -- 7.6 Conclusion.

7.7 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 7.8 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 7.9 References and Additional Readings -- Appendix: Project Complexity Metrics -- 8 Project Evaluation and Selection -- 8.1 Making the Right Decisions Up Front -- 8.2 Quantitative Approaches to Project Evaluation and Selection -- 8.2.1 Net Present Value (NPV) Comparison -- 8.2.2 Return on Investment (ROI) Comparison -- 8.2.3 Cost-Benefit (CB) -- 8.2.4 Payback Period (PBP) Comparison -- 8.2.5 Pacifico and Sobelman Project Ratings -- 8.2.6 Going Beyond Simple Formulas -- 8.3 Qualitative Approaches to Project Evaluation and Selection -- 8.3.1 Collective, Multifunctional Evaluations -- 8.4 Recommendations for Effective Project Evaluation and Selection -- 8.5 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 8.6 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 8.7 References and Additional Readings -- Appendix: Summary Description of Terms, Variables, and Abbreviations Used in This Chapter -- 9 Leading Technology Teams -- 9.1 Challenges of Technical Teamwork -- 9.1.1 Teamwork a Managerial Frontier -- 9.2 What We Know About Technology-Oriented Teams -- 9.2.1 Redefining the Process -- 9.2.2 Team Life Cycle -- 9.3 Toward Self-Direction and Virtual Teams -- 9.4 Measuring Project Team Performance -- 9.4.1 Project Performance Measures -- 9.4.2 Team Effectiveness Measures -- 9.5 A Model for Team Building -- 9.5.1 Drivers of and Barriers to High Team Performance -- 9.6 Building High-Performing Teams -- 9.7 Recommendations for Effective Team Management -- 9.8 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 9.9 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 9.10 References and Additional Readings -- Appendix: Field Research Summary on Team Leadership -- 10 Managing R&D and Innovation -- 10.1 The Need for Innovation in Business: Changes and Challenges.

10.2 What We Know About Management of Technical Innovation -- 10.2.1 An Increased Focus on Teamwork -- 10.3 Measuring Innovative Performance -- 10.3.1 Innovative Performance Measures -- 10.3.2 Influences on Innovative Performance -- 10.4 Characteristics of an Innovative Work Environment -- 10.5 Managing for Innovative Performance -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 10.8 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 10.9 References and Additional Readings -- Appendix: Voices from the Field: Some Applied Research -- 11 Managing Environmental Quality -- 11.1 New Standards and Policies toward Environmental Quality -- 11.1.1 Complex Problems Call for Innovative Solutions -- 11.2 Importance of Cost Accountability to Environmental Quality -- 11.2.1 Going Beyond Simple Cost: Focusing on the Total Life Cycle -- 11.3 The Established Environmental Cost Accounting System -- 11.3.1 The Four Major Systems -- 11.3.2 Toward Sustainable Development -- 11.4 New Concepts of Environmental Quality Management in Technology Firms -- 11.5 Benefits and Challenges of the New Approach -- 11.6 Criteria for Managing Environmental Quality Effectively -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.7.1 Leveraging Technology and Organizational Science -- 11.8 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 11.9 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion -- 11.10 References and Additional Readings -- 12 Managing Risks in High Technology -- 12.1 The High Stakes of Playing in Technology -- 12.1.1 Chapter Focus -- 12.2 How Managers Deal with Risks-Some Field Research Findings -- 12.2.1 Risk Affects Product Success -- 12.2.2 Managing Risks versus Dealing with Problems -- 12.2.3 Enterprise Tools for Managing Risks -- 12.3 Criteria for Effective Risk Management -- 12.4 Conclusion -- 12.5 Summary of Key Points and Conclusions -- 12.6 Critical Thinking: Questions for Discussion.

12.7 References and Additional Readings.