COVER -- LASER PROCESSING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS -- CONTENTS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PROLOGUE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- THE LASER - AN INNOVATIVE MACHINE TOOL -- LASERS IN MATERIAL PROCESSING -- IN THE HOME -- IN HEALTHCARE -- IN MANUFACTURING -- IN THE ARTS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 2 EVOLUTION OF LASER MATERIAL PROCESSING -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- FOUNDATIONS -- THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND MATTER -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASER -- PRINCIPLES OF THE LASER -- THE 1960S -- THE FIRST LASER -- THE LASER RUSH -- THE FIRST PROCESSES -- THE 1970S -- LASERS -- SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES -- THE 1980S -- LASERS -- FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS -- THE 1990S -- LASERS -- TURNKEY PROCESSING SYSTEMS -- THE NEW MILLENNIUM -- LASERS -- PROCESSES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 3 LASERS -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- GENERATION OF LASER LIGHT -- ENERGY LEVELS -- Energy Level Notations -- Distribution of Energy -- Population Inversion -- EXCITATION -- Energy Level Transitions -- LIGHT AMPLIFICATION -- OUTPUT -- Efficiency -- CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF COMMERCIAL LASERS -- Active Media -- Gases -- Liquids -- Insulating Solids -- Semiconductors -- Excitation -- Electrical Pumping -- Optical Pumping -- Chemical Pumping -- Optical Cavity -- Stability of the Optical Cavity -- Resonator Support -- Output Devices -- OUTPUT -- Spatial Mode -- Cylindrical Symmetry -- Rectangular Symmetry -- Fresnel Number -- Temporal Mode -- Q-switching -- Cavity Dumping -- Mode Locking -- Chirping -- Frequency Multiplication -- Raman Effect -- Propagation -- Waist -- Focused Spot Size -- Rayleigh Length -- Radius of Curvature -- Fields -- Divergence -- Quality -- Bandwidth -- Coherence -- Brightness -- Intensity -- Polarization -- LASERS FOR MATERIAL PROCESSING -- ATOMS -- Helium-Neon -- Iodine.

Free Electron -- Xenon -- MOLECULES -- Carbon Dioxide -- Sealed -- Transversely Excited Atmospheric Pressure -- Slow Axial Flow -- Fast Axial Flow -- Transverse Flow -- Gas Dynamic -- Carbon Monoxide -- Hydrogen Fluoride -- Deuterium Fluoride -- Hydrogen Chloride -- Nitrogen -- Organic -- IONS -- Argon -- Krypton -- Argon-Krypton -- Xenon -- Copper Vapour -- Gold Vapour -- Helium-Cadmium -- Helium-Selenium -- X-ray -- EXCIMERS -- Argon Fluoride -- Krypton Fluoride -- Xenon Chloride -- Xenon Fluoride -- Fluorine -- Xenon -- Xenon Bromide -- LIQUIDS -- Rhodamine -- Coumarin -- SOLIDS -- Nd:YAG -- Nd:glass -- Ruby -- Alexandrite -- Ti:sapphire -- Diode-pumped Solid State -- Nd:YAG -- Er:YAG -- Er:YLF -- Ho:YAG and Ho:YLF -- Yb:YAG -- Nd:YLF -- Nd:YAP -- Nd:GGG -- Tm:YAG -- Colour Centre -- SEMICONDUCTORS -- GaAs -- InGaAs -- InGaAlAs -- GaN -- Lead Salt -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- 4 SYSTEMS FOR MATERIAL PROCESSING -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- OPTICS -- OPTICAL TERMINOLOGY -- Focal Length -- Focal Number -- Beam Diameter at Focus -- Depth of Focus -- TRANSMISSIVE OPTICS -- Materials -- Coatings -- Beam Splitters -- LENS PARAMETERS -- Plano-convex Lens -- Positive Meniscus Lens -- Aspheric Lens -- Polarizers -- Beam Collimators -- Axicon Lens -- Beam Integrator -- Fibreoptics -- Line Focus -- Aberrations -- REFLECTIVE OPTICS -- Materials -- Coatings -- Beam Turning Mirrors -- Beam Splitting Mirrors -- Spherical Mirrors -- Paraboloidal Mirrors -- Deformable Mirrors -- Beam Collimators -- Line Focus Mirrors -- Axicon Mirrors -- Toric Mirrors -- Optical Kaleidoscopes -- Integrating Mirrors -- Polarizing Mirrors -- Beam Rastering -- Waveguides -- DIFFRACTIVE OPTICS -- LASER PROCESSING CENTRES -- COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN -- CONSTRUCTION -- TYPES OF LASER PROCESSING CENTRE -- Gantries -- Multi-axis Beam Direction -- Articulated Robots.

Moving Laser -- Moving Table -- Moving Workpiece -- Hybrid Centres -- PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL -- BEAM DIAGNOSTICS -- Power -- Intensity Profile -- Height Sensing -- Seam Tracking -- PROCESS MONITORING -- Pyrometry -- Ultraviolet Radiation -- Acoustic Emission -- Ultrasonic Analysis -- COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE -- COMMISSIONING -- History -- Design of the Centre -- Economics -- ACCEPTANCE -- SAFETY -- HAZARDS -- Eyes -- Skin -- Respiratory System -- Electrical -- Chemical -- RISK MANAGEMENT -- LASER CLASSIFICATION -- Class 1 -- Class 2 -- Class 3 -- Class 4 -- PROTECTIVE MEASURES -- Screening -- Protective Eyewear -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- 5 ENGINEERING MATERIALS -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- ATOMIC STRUCTURE -- METALS AND ALLOYS -- Bonding -- Atomic Arrangement -- Interaction of Metals and Alloys with a Laser Beam -- CERAMICS AND GLASSES -- Bonding -- Atomic Arrangement -- Interaction of Ceramics and Glasses with a Laser Beam -- POLYMERS -- Bonding -- Atomic Arrangement -- Interaction of Polymers with a Laser Beam -- COMPOSITES -- Atomic Structure and Bonding -- Interaction of Composites with a Laser Beam -- MICROSTRUCTURE -- EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATIONS -- Complete Solid Solubility -- Partial Solid Solubility -- Eutectic Systems -- Peritectic Systems -- Eutectoid Systems -- Peritectoid Systems -- PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR ENGINEERING MATERIALS -- NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATIONS -- Isothermal Transformation -- Transformation on Heating -- Transformation on Cooling -- SOLIDIFICATION -- Solidification Morphology -- Solidification Phases -- INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS -- METALS AND ALLOYS -- Carbon-Manganese Steels -- Alloy Steels -- Stainless Steels -- Tool Steels -- Cast Irons -- Aluminium Alloys -- Titanium Alloys -- Nickel Alloys -- Copper Alloys -- CERAMICS AND GLASSES -- Natural Ceramics -- Domestic Ceramics.

Engineering Ceramics -- Glasses -- POLYMERS -- Thermoplastics -- Thermosets -- Elastomers -- COMPOSITES -- Metal Matrix Composites -- Polymer Matrix Composites -- Ceramic Matrix Composites -- PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS -- ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT -- ABSORPTIVITY -- SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY -- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY -- DENSITY -- THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY -- COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION -- TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURES -- LATENT HEAT OF MELTING -- LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION -- MATERIAL PROPERTY CHARTS -- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VS HEAT CAPACITY -- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VS THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY -- MECHANICAL STRAIN VS THERMAL STRAIN -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 6 LASER PROCESSING DIAGRAMS -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- EMPIRICAL METHODS -- PROCESS VARIABLES AND PROCESSING MECHANISMS -- AN EMPIRICAL PROCESS CHART -- MODEL-BASED METHODS -- PROCESS MODELLING -- A MODEL-BASED PROCESS DIAGRAM -- DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS OF PROCESS VARIABLES -- A DIMENSIONLESS MODEL-BASED PROCESS DIAGRAM -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 7 ATHERMAL PROCESSING -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- PRINCIPLES -- PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECTS -- PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS -- Making Chemical Bonds -- Breaking Chemical Bonds -- Biostimulation -- PHOTOPHYSICAL EFFECTS -- Photoablation -- Plasma-induced Ablation -- Photodisruption -- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION -- LASER PRINTING -- STEREOLITHOGRAPHY -- OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY -- MICROMACHINING -- Printed Circuit Boards -- Slotting -- Nanostructuring -- Corrective Eye Surgery -- Photorefractive keratectomy -- Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) -- SHOCK PROCESSING -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- EXERCISES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 8 STRUCTURAL CHANGE -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- PRINCIPLES -- THERMODYNAMIC CHANGE -- Calibration -- KINETIC CHANGE -- The Kinetic Effect -- Calibration -- PROCESSES.

DIFFUSION -- GRAIN GROWTH -- SINTERING -- PARTICLE COARSENING -- PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURALLY-CHANGED MATERIALS -- MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGE -- LASER-ASSISTED VAPOUR DEPOSITION -- NANOSCALE MATERIAL PRODUCTION -- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION -- ANNEALING OF CARPET FIBRE -- PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY -- LASER-INDUCED INTERSTITIAL THERMOTHERAPY -- SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING -- LASER-INDUCED VITRIFICATION -- FUEL CELLS -- OPTICAL DISCS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- EXERCISES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 9 SURFACE HARDENING -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- PRINCIPLES -- PROCESS SELECTION -- CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER HARDENING -- COMPETING METHODS OF SURFACE HARDENING -- Induction Hardening -- Flame Hardening -- Arc Hardening -- Arc Lamp Hardening -- Electron Beam Hardening -- Gas Carburizing and Nitriding -- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS -- PRACTICE -- MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- Composition -- Geometry -- Absorptivity -- BEAM CHARACTERISTICS -- Wavelength -- Power -- Power Density -- Beam Interaction Time -- PROCESSING PARAMETERS -- Workstation -- Process Gases -- Adaptive Control -- PROPERTIES OF SURFACE-HARDENED MATERIALS -- CARBON-MANGANESE STEELS -- Hypoeutectoid -- Hypereutectoid Steels -- ALLOY STEELS -- TOOL STEELS -- STAINLESS STEELS -- CAST IRONS -- Grey Irons -- Nodular Irons -- Malleable Irons -- Alloy Irons -- NON-FERROUS MATERIALS -- Zirconium Alloys -- Titanium Alloys -- LASER HARDENING DIAGRAMS -- Process Overview -- Process Parameter Selection -- Processed Material Properties -- SOFTWARE FOR PROCEDURE DEVELOPMENT -- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION -- AUTOMOBILE STEERING GEAR HOUSING -- MACHINE TOOL COMPONENT -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- EXERCISES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 10 DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE -- INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS -- PRINCIPLES -- DEFORMATION -- FRACTURE -- PROCESS SELECTION -- DEFORMATION -- FRACTURE -- PRACTICE -- DEFORMATION -- Fracture.

LASER DEFORMATION DIAGRAMS.