Ambient Intelligence, Wireless Networking, and Ubiquitous Computing -- Contents vii -- Preface xvii -- Chapter 1 Ambient Intelligence: Visions and Technologies 1 -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Basic Functions and Devices of Ambient Intelligence 3 -- 1.3 The Processing Perspective 6 -- 1.4 The Communication Perspective 8 -- 1.5 The Software Perspective 8 -- 1.6 Computational Intelligence as a Conceptual and Computing Environment of AmI 10 -- 1.7 Conclusions 11 -- References 11 -- Chapter 2 Ambient Intelligence and Fuzzy Adaptive Embedded Agents 13 -- 2.1 Introduction 13 -- 2.2 Agents Meet AmI 14 -- 2.3 Transparent Fuzzy Control 17 -- 2.4 FML Environment Description 19 -- 2.5 FML Agent Distribution 23 -- 2.6 Adaptivity 26 -- 2.7 Conclusions 32 -- References 33 -- Chapter 3 Ambient Intelligence: The MyCampus Experience -- 3.1 Introduction 35 -- 3.2 Prior Work 37 -- 3.4 A Semantic e-Wallet 40 -- 3.5 Capturing User Preferences 46 -- 3.6 Instantiating the MyCampus Infrastructure 49 -- 3.7 Empirical Evaluation 54 -- 3.8 Conclusions 57 -- 3.9 Additional Sources of Information 58 -- 3.10 Acknowledgments 58 -- References 58 -- Chapter 4 Physical Browsing 61 -- 4.1 Introduction 61 -- 4.2 Related Work 62 -- 4.3 Physical Browsing Terms and Definitions 66 -- 4.4 Physical Selection Methods 67 -- 4.5 Physical Browsing and Context-Awareness 70 -- 4.6 Visualizing Physical Hyperlinks 72 -- 4.7 Implementing Physical Browsing 73 -- 4.8 Demonstration Applications 75 -- 4.9 Conclusion 79 -- 4.10 Acknowledgments 80 -- References 80 -- Chapter 5 Ambient Interfaces for Distributed Workgroups: Design Challenges and Recommendations 83 -- 5.1 Introduction 83 -- 5.2 Ambient Displays and Ambient Interfaces 84 -- 5.3 Ambient Interfaces in TOWER 86 -- 5.4 User Involvement 94 -- 5.5 Recommendations for the Design of Ambient Interfaces 96 -- 5.6 Conclusions 100.

5.7 Acknowledgments 100 -- References 100 -- Chapter 6 Expanding the Role of Wearable Computing in Business Transformation and Living -- 6.1 Introduction 103 -- 6.2 Wearable Computers-History and Present Status 104 -- 6.3 Wearable Computing Applications 110 -- 6.4 Factors Limiting the Impact of Wearable Computers 112 -- 6.5 Factors Providing Positive Feedback Loop 115 -- 6.6 Middleware Components for Accelerating Transformation 117 -- 6.7 Conclusions 122 -- References 122 -- Chapter 7 Grids for Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence 127 -- 7.1 Introduction 127 -- 7.2 Grid Computing 129 -- 7.3 Towards Future Grids 133 -- 7.4 Grids for Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence 137 -- 7.5 Conclusion 140 -- 7.6 Acknowledgments 140 -- References 141 -- Chapter 8 Peer-to-Peer Networks-Promises and Challenges 143 -- 8.1 Introduction 143 -- 8.2 Taxonomy of P2P Systems 145 -- 8.3 P2P-The Promises 146 -- 8.4 P2P-The Challenges 148 -- 8.5 Unstructured P2P Systems 151 -- 8.6 Structured P2P Systems 157 -- 8.7 Conclusions 162 -- References 163 -- Chapter 9 Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks 167 -- 9.1 Introduction 167 -- 9.2 Communication Architecture 170 -- 9.3 Design Factors 172 -- 9.4 Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 173 -- 9.5 IP Mobility Management in Wireless Sensor Networks 185 -- 9.6 Conclusions 188 -- References 189 -- Chapter 10 Pose Awareness for Augmented Reality and Mobile Devices 193 -- 10.1 Introduction 193 -- 10.2 Notation 197 -- 10.3 Fusion Framework 197 -- 10.4 Kalman Filters 201 -- 10.5 Camera Positioning 212 -- 10.6 Determining the Pose from a Marker's Feature Points 220 -- 10.7 First Experiment 223 -- 10.8 Calibration 224 -- 10.9 Measurements 225 -- 10.10 Conclusions 233 -- 10.11 Conclusions 235 -- References 235.

Chapter 11 Dynamic Synthesis of Natural Human-Machine Interfaces in Ambient Intelligence Environments 237 -- 11.1 Introduction 237 -- 11.2 A Task Architectural Model for Ambient Intelligence 239 -- 11.3 A Human-Machine Interface Functional Architecture for Ambient Intelligence 245 -- 11.4 Synthesizing Natural Human-Machine Interfaces 251 -- 11.5 Current Achievements and Future Perspectives 256 -- 11.6 Conclusions 260 -- References 260 -- Chapter 12 Emotional Interfaces with Ambient Intelligence 263 -- 12.1 Introduction 263 -- 12.2 Background 264 -- 12.3 Materials and Methods 269 -- 12.4 The Data 269 -- 12.5 The General Architecture 271 -- 12.6 A Simulated Experiment 273 -- 12.7 Current and Future Work 278 -- 12.8 Conclusions 283 -- References 284 -- Chapter 13 A Sense of Context in Ubiquitous Computing 287 -- 13.1 Introduction 287 -- 13.2 Ubiquitous Computing: A Paradigm for the 21st Century 287 -- 13.3 The Question of Context 289 -- 13.4 Reflections on Context in Mobile Computing 290 -- 13.5 Wireless Advertising 292 -- 13.6 Ambient Sensors: Foundations of a Smart Environment 269 -- 13.7 Conclusions 300 -- References 300 -- Chapter 14 Ad Hoc On-Demand Fuzzy Routing for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 303 -- 14.1 Introduction 303 -- 14.2 Problem Statement 304 -- 14.3 Brief Background of Fuzzy Logic 307 -- 14.4 Cost Function for MANET Multiobjective Routing 308 -- 14.5 Ad Hoc On-Demand Fuzzy Routing (AOFR) 312 -- 14.6 Simulation Parameters 317 -- 14.7 Performance Evaluation 320 -- 14.8 Discussion 324 -- 14.9 Conclusions 325 -- References 326 -- Chapter 15 Authentication and Security Protocols for Ubiquitous Wireless Networks 329 -- 15.1 Introduction 329 -- 15.2 System Architecture and Design Issues 330 -- 15.3 Authentication Architecture for Interworking 3G/WLAN 332 -- 15.4 Authentication in Wireless Security Protocols 336.

15.5 Comparison Study of Wireless Security Protocols 339 -- 15.6 Conclusions 341 -- References 343 -- Chapter 16 Learning in the AmI: from Web-Based Education to Ubiquitous Learning Experiences 345 -- 16.1 Introduction 345 -- 16.2 The Present Paradigm in Learning Technologies 346 -- 16.3 The Emerging Paradigm: Mobile Learning 347 -- 16.4 The Future Paradigm: Learning in the AmI 350 -- 16.5 Enabling Technologies, Models, and Standards 351 -- 16.6 Conclusions 356 -- References 357 -- Chapter 17 Meetings and Meeting Support in Ambient Intelligence 359 -- 17.1 Introduction 359 -- 17.2 What Are Meetings? 361 -- 17.3 Technology: Mediation and Support 364 -- 17.4 Projects on Meetings 371 -- 17.5 Conclusions 374 -- Acknowledgments 374 -- References 374 -- Chapter 18 Handling Uncertain Context Information in Pervasive Computing Environments 379 -- 18.1 Extending Ontologies of Context with Fuzzy Logic 380 -- 18.2 The Fuzzy Ontology 381 -- 18.3 The Fuzzy Inference of Context 384 -- 18.4 Prototype Implementation: The Event-Notification Service 396 -- 18.5 Conclusions 399 -- References 400 -- Chapter 9 Anomaly Detection in Web Documents Using Computationally Intelligent Methods of Fuzzy-Based Clustering 401 -- 19.1 Introduction 401 -- 19.2 The Problem 403 -- 19.3 Cosine-Based Algorithms 404 -- 19.4 Fuzzy-based Global Clustering 407 -- 19.5 Application: Terrorist Detection System 411 -- 19.6 Conclusions 413 -- Acknowledgments 414 -- References 414 -- Chapter 20 Intelligent Automatic Exploration of Virtual Worlds 417 -- 20.1 Introduction 417 -- 20.2 Why Explore Virtual Worlds? 418 -- 20.3 Simple Virtual World Understanding 419 -- 20.4 What is Visual Complexity of a Scene? 422 -- 20.5 How to Compute Visual Complexity 424 -- 20.6 Virtual World Exploration 427 -- 20.7 Future Issues 431 -- 20.8 Conclusions 433 -- References 435 -- Index 437.