Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Local and Regional Environmental Authorities -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1 Overview -- Objectives of the Country Environmental Analysis -- CEA Process and Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 A Unique Model for Environmental Management -- Institutional and Legal Foundations: 1952-74 -- Expansion of Roles and Legal Frameworks: 1975-93 -- The 1991 Constitution and Law 99 of 1993 -- Consolidating Institutions, Regulations, and Planning: 1994-2005 -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Actors and Institutions -- Environmental Information Systems -- SINA's Finances -- The Ministry of Environment -- National Environmental Council and National Technical Advisory Council -- National Planning Department -- Investigational Institutes -- National Parks System -- Public Participation -- Control Organizations -- Judiciary -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Decentralization: A Balancing Act -- Overall Performance of CARs -- Allocation of CAR Resources and Priority Setting -- Sources of CARs' Financial Resources -- Adequacy of Human and Technical Resources -- Sanitation Infrastructure -- Relationships between CARs and other SINA Entities -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Setting Environmental Priorities: Top Down and Bottom Up -- Annual Cost of Environmental Damage -- Costs by Environmental Category -- Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene -- Urban Air Pollution -- Indoor Air Pollution -- Agricultural Land Degradation -- Natural Disasters -- Perceptions of the Priority of Environmental Problems -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Waterborne Diseases Remain Widespread -- Assessment of Policy Design, Efficiency, and Effectiveness -- Analysis of Policy Implementation.

Analysis of Alternative Interventions -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Improving Air Quality -- Air Quality Management -- Performance of the Air Quality Management System -- Potential Interventions to Control Air Pollution -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 A Silent Killer: Indoor Air Pollution -- Acute Respiratory Illness in Colombia -- Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution -- A Benefit-Cost Analysis Framework -- Stove Efficiency -- Fuelwood Consumption -- Cost of Interventions -- Benefit-Cost Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Effectiveness of Indoor Air Pollution Control Programs -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 9 The Environmental Cost of Accelerated Urban Growth -- Urban Growth and Environment in Colombia -- Housing Policy: Main Environmental Difficulties and the Government's Response -- Conclusions and Recommendations-Housing and Urban Development -- Waste Management -- Background and Brief History -- Effectiveness of the Waste Management System -- Conclusions and Recommendations-Waste Management and Urban Development -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 10 Living with Natural Disasters -- Natural Disasters in Colombia: Occurrence and Impacts -- Effectiveness of Policy Design -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 11 Water Management in a Water-Rich Country -- Water Quantity -- Degradation of Water Bodies -- Water Pollution Control -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 12 Land Degradation and Deforestation -- Soil Erosion and Salinization: Magnitude and Dimensions of the Problem -- Forests -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 13 Biodiversity Loss and Other Global Environmental Problems -- Biodiversity -- The National Protected Areas System.

The Policy for Social Participation in Conservation -- Climate Change -- Ozone Depletion -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 14 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Tackling Environmental Priorities -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Boxes -- 2.1 Colombia's National Environmental System -- 11.1 Case Study of the Allocation of Water Resources in the Bogotá Savanna -- Figures -- 2.1 Public Environmental Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Colombia -- 2.2 Expenditures of SINA Agencies, 1995-2003 -- 5.1 Annual Cost of Environmental Damage -- 5.2 Estimated Annual Urban Costs -- 5.3 Estimated Annual Rural Costs -- 5.4 Costs by Category -- 5.5 Costs of Environmental Degradation (Health and Quality of Life) -- 5.6 Physical Costs by Category -- 5.7 Number of Deaths by Category -- 5.8 Deaths among Children, by Category -- 5.9 Annual Costs of Insufficient Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene -- 5.10 Annual Costs by Category -- 5.11 Annual Costs of Urban Air Pollution -- 5.12 Annual Costs of Indoor Air Pollution -- 5.13 Annual Costs of Agricultural Land Degradation -- 5.14 Costs of Environmental Degradation (Erosion and Salinity) -- 5.15 Estimated Annual Costs of Natural Disasters -- 5.16 Top Priorities for Colombia According to Lowest and Highest Income Groups -- 5.17 Top Priorities for Households According to Lowest and Highest Income Groups -- 6.1 Proportion of DALYs Attributable to Unsafe Water Ranges -- 6.2 Child Mortality and Water Network Coverage, by Department, 2002 -- 6.3 Child Mortality and Urbanization, by Department, 2002 -- 6.4 Benefit-Cost Ratios of Rural Water Sanitation, Low Case -- 6.5 Estimated Benefit-Cost Ratios for Handwashing, by Degree of Program Effectiveness.

6.6 Benefit-Cost Ratios over Time for Handwashing for Children under Age 5 (20 Percent Effectiveness Target) -- 6.7 Benefit-Cost Ratios for Drinking Water Disinfection Program, by Degree of Program Effectiveness -- 6.8 Benefit-Cost Ratios over Time for Drinking Water Disinfection Program (20 Percent Effectiveness Target) -- 7.1 Mean Annual Concentration of PM10 in Cities -- 7.2 Annual Health Cost of Urban Air Pollution -- 7.3 Annual Cost of Damage by Emission Source, Low Cost Estimate -- 7.4 Annual Cost of Damage by Emission Source, High Cost Estimate -- 7.5 Damage Cost per Ton of PM10, Low Cost Estimate -- 7.6 Damage Cost per Ton of PM10, High Cost Estimate -- 8.1 Annual Costs of Indoor Air Pollution -- 8.2 Proportion of DALYs Attributable to Indoor Smoke from Solid Fuels -- 8.3 ARI Prevalence in Children by Mother's Education Level -- 8.4 Stove Efficiency and Capital Costs -- 8.5 Stove Efficiency from a Study in Colombia -- 8.6 Solid Fuels as Main Cooking Fuel in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 8.7 Solid Fuels as Main Cooking Fuel in Rural Latin America and the Caribbean -- 9.1 Annual Gap between Formal Housing Construction and Creation of New Households -- 9.2 Solid Waste Generation in Latin American Cities -- 9.3 Composition of Waste -- 10.1 Geographical Distribution of Natural Disaster Threats in Colombia -- 10.2 Cumulative Monthly Occurrence of Flooding, Landslides, and Other Disasters -- 11.1 Internal Freshwater Resources Per Capita -- 12.1 Fertilizer Consumption -- 12.2 CAR Investment in Land Issues -- 13.1 National Protected Areas -- 13.2 Total CO2 Emissions in Colombia Compared with Other Countries, 1990 -- Tables -- 2.1 Characteristics of Corporations Established during 1954 to 1971 -- 2.2 Creation of Selected National Environmental Organizations in Latin America.

2.3 Annual Environmental Expenditure of CARs, MAVDT, and IDEAM as Percentage of GDP, 1995-2003 -- 2.4 Environmental Investments by CARs, 1995-2003 -- 3.1 Ministry of Environment Staffing and Salaries, 2002 -- 3.2 Ministry of Environment Investment Budget by Issue, 2002 -- 3.3 Recommendations -- 4.1 ASOCAR Data Variables with Direct Measures of Performance -- 4.2 Categorization of CAR Investment Projects -- 4.3A Severity of Risk versus Percentage of 2001 Total Investment by CAR: Soil Degradation -- 4.3B Severity of Risk versus Percentage of 2001 Total Investment by CAR: Flora and Fauna Degradation -- 4.3C Severity of Risk versus Percentage of 2001 Total Investment by CAR: Natural Disaster Prevention -- 4.3D Severity of Risk versus Percentage of 2001 Total Investment by CAR:Water Pollution -- 4.3E Relative Severity of Risk versus Relative Intensity of 2001 Investment by CAR: Air Pollution -- 4.3F Relative Severity of Risk versus Relative Intensity of 2001 Investment by CAR: Solid Waste -- 4.4A Investment Spending: Planned (PAT) versus Actual for CAR Cundinamarca, 2001 -- 4.4B Investment Spending: Planned (PAT) versus Actual for CORANTIOQUIA, 2001 -- 4.4C Investment Spending: Planned (PAT) versus Actual for CRA, 2001 -- 4.4D Investment Spending: Planned (PAT) versus Actual for CARDIQUE, 2001 -- 4.5 CAR Resources, 2003 -- 4.6 Recommendations -- 5.1 Annual Costs of Environmental Damage, Low and High Estimates -- 5.2 Baseline Data for Estimating Health Impacts -- 5.3 Estimated Annual Impacts on Health from Insufficient Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene -- 5.4 Estimated DALYs Lost to Diarrheal Mortality and Morbidity -- 5.5 Estimated Annual Cost of Diarrheal Illness -- 5.6 Estimated Annual Cost of Illness (Morbidity) by Category -- 5.7 Baseline Data for Cost Estimation -- 5.8 Annual Cases of Hepatitis A and Typhoid and Paratyphoid, 2000-03.

5.9 Estimated Annual Cost of Hepatitis A,Typhoid, and Paratyphoid.