Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Adjudicating climate change -- 1 Overview: The Exigencies That Drive Potential Causes of Action for Climate Change -- Introduction -- 1. Overview of Climate Change Science -- 2. International Legal Responses to Climate Change -- 3. Enter, Climate Adjudication -- Subnational and National Actions -- International Actions -- 4. The Need for Assessment -- Part I Subnational Case Studies -- 2 State Action as Political Voice in Climate Change Policy: A Case Study of the Minnesota Environmental Cost Valuation Regulation -- Introduction -- 1. Minnesota Environmental Cost Valuation: A Tale of Legislative, Administrative, and Judicial Interaction -- 1.1. Legislative Efforts -- 1.2. The Administrative Process and Contested Case Proceeding -- 1.3. Litigation before the Minnesota Court of Appeals -- 1.4. The Minnesota Environmental Cost Value Regulation Today -- 2. State Action as Voice and Dialogue -- 2.1. Symbolic Regulation and Political Voice -- 2.2. Regulation as Dialogue -- 3. Threats to Industry: Bargaining in the Shadow of Future Regulation -- Conclusion -- 3 Litigating Climate Change at the Coal Mine -- Introduction -- 1. King Coal In Australia -- 2. The Coal Mining Cases -- 2.1. The Hazelwood Case -- 2.2. The Isaac Plains and Sonoma Mines Case -- 2.3. The Anvil Hill Case -- 3. Climate Change As An Environmental Impact -- 3.1. Standing to Sue -- 3.2. Cumulative and Local Impacts -- 3.3. Indirect Impacts -- 4. Conclusion -- 4 Cities, Land Use, and the Global Commons: Genesis and the Urban Politics of Climate Change -- Introduction -- 1. Genesis - Case Background -- 2. Cities and climate change activism: unlikely bedfellows -- 3. Understanding new international actors: why are u.s. cities tackling climate change?.

3.1 Urban Theory and Quasi-Realism: Cities as Markets -- 3.2 Liberalism: All Politics Is Local -- 3.3 Constructivism: International Discourse -- 3.4 Institutionalism: Evolving Cooperation -- 4. Conclusion: is a theory necessary? -- 5 Atmospheric Trust Litigation -- Introduction -- 1. Public Trust as a Macro Approach -- 1.1. Public Trust Law -- 1.2. The Res of the Trust -- 1.3. Co-tenancy Sovereign Interests -- 1.4. The Atmosphere as a Public Trust Asset -- 1.5. The Carbon Fiduciary Obligation -- 1.6. The Inexcusability of Carbon Orphan Shares -- 2. Enforcing the Atmospheric Fiduciary Obligation -- 2.1. Declaratory Relief -- 2.2. A Carbon Accounting -- 2.3. Nested Jurisdictions -- 2.4. An Enforceable Carbon Budget and Recovery Plan -- 2.5. Backstops through Injunctive Relief -- 2.6. Collateral Benefits of Atmospheric Trust Litigation -- 3. Conclusion -- Part II National Case Studies -- 6 The Intersection of Scale, Science, and Law in Massachusetts v. EPA -- Introduction -- 1. The Scale-Science Intersection as an Argumentative Tool -- 1.1. Defensive Uses of Scientific Uncertainty -- 1.2. Debates over Scale -- 1.3. Scale as a Lens on Science and the Law -- 2. The Collision of Scale and Science in Massachusetts v. EPA -- 2.1. Actors -- 2.2. Claims -- 2.2.1. Standing -- 2.2.2. Substantive Claims -- 3. Implications for International Legal Decision making -- 3.1. Domestic vs. International -- 3.2. Local vs. State vs. Federal -- 3.3. Public vs. Private -- 4. Concluding Reflections: Strategies for Managing the Confluence -- 7 Biodiversity, Global Warming, and the United States Endangered Species Act: The Role of Domestic Wildlife Law in Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Introduction -- 1. The Endangered Species Act as a Mechanism to Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1.1. The Endangered Species Act: Overview.

1.2. Case Study I: Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals -- 1.2.1. Global Warming and Coral Reefs -- 1.2.2. The Decline of Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals -- 1.2.3. From Petition to Listing -- 1.3. Case Study II: Polar Bear -- 1.3.1. The Arctic as a Global Warming Hot Spot -- 1.3.2. The Polar Bear in a Warming Arctic -- 1.3.3. From Petition to Listing -- 1.4. The ESA and Global Warming -- 1.4.1. The Listing Process -- 1.4.2. The Consultation Process and the Obligation to Avoid Jeopardy -- 1.4.2. The Take Prohibition -- 2. Conclusion: Wildlife Law as a Surrogate for or Supplement to a National Policy on Greenhouse Gas Regulation -- 8 An Emerging Human Right to Security from Climate Change: The Case Against Gas Flaring in Nigeria -- Introduction -- 1. Background -- 1.1. Decades of Environmental Devastation and Military Repression in the Niger Delta -- 1.2. The Gas Flaring Litigation -- 2. Locating a Right to Security from Climate Change in the Human Rights Tradition -- 2.1. The Human Rights Tradition -- 2.2. Security from Climate Change as a Civil and Political Right -- 2.3. The State Action Problem -- Conclusion -- 9 Tort-Based Climate Litigation -- Introduction -- 1. Public Nuisance -- 1.1. Existing Climate Change Public Nuisance Cases -- 1.2. Basics of Public Nuisance -- 2. Products Liability -- 2.1. Warning Defects -- 2.2. Design Defects -- 2.3. Negligence, Breach of Duty, and Defenses -- 3. Jurisdictional Hurdles -- 3.1. Standing -- 3.2. Preemption -- 3.2.1. Preemption of Federal Common Law Claims -- 3.2.2. Preemption of State Common Law Claims -- 3.3. Justiciability -- 4. Causation and Substantiality -- 4.1. Generic and Specific Causation -- 4.2. Proximate Causation and the Substantiality Requirement -- 5. Relief in a Climate Change Tort Suit -- 5.1. Standards for Damages and Injunctions -- 5.2. Potential Types of Damages Claims.

5.3. Restrictions on Damage Recovery -- 5.4. Liability for and Apportionment of Damages -- 6. Conclusion -- 10 Insurance and Climate Change Litigation -- Introduction -- 1. Implications for Liability Insurance of Pending Climate Change Litigation -- 2. Applicable Insurance Coverage for Climate Change Litigation -- 2.1. The History, Nature, and Structure of General Liability Insurance -- 2.2. Liability Insurance Coverage for Injuries Inflicted by Business Policyholders and the Liability Insurer's "Duty to Defend" Climate Change Lawsuits -- 2.2.1. The Breadth of the CGL Insurer's Duty to Defend -- 2.2.2. The Requirement that the Policyholder Submit the Claim to the Insurer for Defense -- 2.3. The Distinction between General Liability and Auto Liability Insurance and the Likely Inapplicability of the Auto Exclusion to the CGL Policy -- 3. Anticipating Insurer Defenses to Coverage of Climate Change Cases -- 3.1. The Problem of When an Insurer's Responsibility Is "Triggered" -- 3.2. Lack of an Occurrence/Expected or Intended Injury/Lack of Fortuity -- 3.3. The Number of Occurrences and Available Policy Limits -- 3.4. The Pollution Exclusion -- 3.5. Seeking Recoupment of Defense Costs -- 4. The Economic and Political Implications of Insurer Participation in Climate Change Litigation -- Part III Supranational Case Studies -- 11 The World Heritage Convention and Climate Change: The Case for a Climate-Change Mitigation Strategy beyond the Kyoto Protocol -- Introduction -- 1. Overview Of The World Heritage Convention -- 2. Losing World Heritage - The Threat Of Climate Change -- 3. Climate Change Mitigation -- 3.1. The Nature and Extent of State Parties' Obligations under Articles 4, 5, and 6 -- 3.2. The Mitigation Strategy Required by the World Heritage Convention -- 3.3. The World Heritage Committee's Stance on Mitigation -- 4. Conclusion.

12 The Inuit Petition as a Bridge? Beyond Dialectics of Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples' Rights -- Introduction -- 1. The Geography of the Inuit Petition -- 1.1. Actors -- 1.1.1. Petitioners -- 1.1.2. Respondent -- 1.1.3. Adjudicative Authority -- 1.2. Claims -- 1.2.1. U.S. Approach to Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1.2.2. Impact of Climate Change on the Inuit -- 1.2.3. Human Rights Violations -- 2. The Inuit Petition as a Bridge? -- 2.1. Dialectics of Substantive Categories: Environmental Protection/Human Rights -- 2.2. Dialectics of Legal Structure: Civil Society/Westphalia -- 2.2.1. Indigenous Peoples/Nation-States -- 2.2.2. Local/National/Supranational -- 2.2.3. Private/Public -- 2.3. Dialectics of Legal Approaches: Indigenous Legal Systems/ "Northern" Legal Systems -- 2.3.1. Traditional Law and Culture/International Human Rights -- 2.3.2. Dialogue/Confrontation -- 3. Concluding Reections: Petitions and Progress? -- 13 Bringing Climate Change Claims to the Accountability Mechanisms of International Financial Institutions -- Introduction -- 1. Climate Change and the Banks -- 2. Potential Claims to the World Bank Inspection Panel -- 2.1. Filing a Petition -- 2.2. Policies Relating to Climate Change -- 2.2.1. Assessing Climate Impacts -- 2.2.2. Evaluating Alternatives -- 2.2.3. Achieving Minimum Emissions Levels -- 2.2.4. Consistency with the UNFCCC and Kyoto -- 2.2.5. Other Potential Policy Violations -- 2.3. Conclusions Regarding Inspection Panel Claims -- 3. The IFC/MIGA Compliance Advisor And Ombudsman -- 3.1. Introducing the CAO -- 3.2. Filing a Petition -- 3.3. IFC Policies Related to Climate Change -- 3.3.1. Assessing Climate Impacts -- 3.3.2. Evaluating Alternatives -- 3.3.3. Requirements to Mitigate Climate Impacts -- 3.3.4. Measuring and Monitoring GHG Emissions -- 3.3.5. Compliance with the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.

3.3.6. Other Requirements.