Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries - The Context -- Objectives -- Air Pollution in its Historical Context -- Types and Sources of Air Pollution -- Policies and Development of Standards -- Summary of the Contents -- 1 Health-damaging Air Pollution: A Matter of Scale -- Introduction -- Risk Transition -- Environmental Pathway Analysis -- Exposure Assessment -- Major Cross-scale Effects -- Concluding Remarks -- 2 Air Pollution and Health - Studies in the Americas and Europe -- Introduction -- Health Effects of Ozone (O3) -- Health Effects of Particulate Matter (PM) -- Health Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust -- Discussion and Conclusions -- 3 Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence -- Introduction -- Global Concentration Patterns of Outdoor Air Pollution -- Health Effects of Particulate Matter and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- Health Effects of Ozone -- Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide -- Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide -- Health Effects of Lead -- Conclusions -- 4 Local Ambient Air Quality Management -- Introduction -- Use of WHO Guidelines for Air Quality in Local Air Quality Management -- Enforcement of Air Quality Standards: Clean Air Implementation Plans -- Urban Air Quality Management in Europe -- 5 Rapid Assessment of Air Pollution and Health: Making Optimal Use of Data for Policy- and Decision-making -- Introduction -- Rapid Epidemiological Assessment -- Individual Level Assessment Methods -- Group Level Assessment Methods -- Risk Assessment -- Collection of Individual and Aggregate Level Data -- Conclusions.

6 A Systematic Approach to Air Quality Management: Examples from the URBAIR Cities -- Urban Air Quality Management and the URBAIR Project -- Physical Assessment -- Cost-benefit Analysis of Selected Measures -- Action Plans -- Policy Instruments and Plans for Air Quality Improvement in URBAIR Cities -- Example: The Guangzhou Action Plan for Improved Air Quality -- Conclusions -- 7 Indoor Air Pollution -- Introduction -- Concentrations and Exposures -- Health Effects -- Health Impacts -- Knowledge Gaps and Necessary Research -- Interventions -- Conclusions -- 8 Vehicle Emissions and Health in Developing Countries -- Background and Introduction -- Vehicle Population Trends and Characteristics -- Adverse Health Effects Resulting from Vehicle Emissions -- Strategies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions -- Conclusions -- 9 Air Quality in Hong Kong and the Impact of Pollution on Health 1988-1997 -- Background -- Methods -- Findings -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- 10 Air Pollution and its Impacts on Health in Santiago, Chile -- Introduction -- Epidemiological Overview -- Studies in Santiago and their Comparability with Other Studies -- Estimating the Quantitative Health Impacts -- Quantitative Results -- Control Strategies -- 11 Air Quality and Health in Greater Johannesburg -- Introduction -- Urbanization -- Industrialization -- Transport and Traffic -- Programmes and Policies -- Index.