MOBILE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING IN CONSTRUCTION -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction: an Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Fundamental Characteristics of Mobile Computing -- 1.2.1 Adaptability -- 1.2.2 Mobility management -- 1.2.3 Information dissemination and management -- 1.2.4 Sensor networks -- 1.2.5 Security -- 1.3 Pervasive Computing -- 1.3.1 Pervasive computing technologies -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- 2 Mobile and Semantic Web-Based Delivery of Context-Aware Information and Services in Construction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Limitations of Current Processes and Technologies -- 2.3 Integrated Service Delivery Architecture -- 2.4 Prototype System Implementation -- 2.5 Development of the Project Repository -- 2.6 OntoWise -- 2.7 Deployment Case Studies -- 2.7.1 Construction site environment -- 2.7.2 Construction education setting -- 2.7.3 Train station -- 2.8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Communication Technology in Mobile and Pervasive Computing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mobile and Pervasive Devices -- 3.3 Communication Basics -- 3.3.1 Radio standards and available technologies -- 3.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 (Low Rate WPAN) -- 3.3.3 Zigbee -- 3.3.4 IEEE 802.11 -- 3.4 Communication Protocols -- 3.4.1 Open protocols -- 3.5 Service Protocols -- 3.6 Proprietary Buses and Protocols -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- 4 A Framework for Designing Mobile Virtual Training Systems through Virtual Modeling Technology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Taxonomy for Defining Virtual Training Systems -- 4.2.1 Controllable components for equipment or special operation training -- 4.2.2 Extent (level) of training scenario modeling -- 4.2.3 Distinguishing properties of training task scenario -- 4.3 Relating Virtual Technologies to Training Skills -- 4.3.1 Reasoning and planning.

4.3.2 Spatial skills -- 4.3.3 Memory and procedure learning -- 4.3.4 Complex sensorimotor skills -- 4.3.5 Simple sensorimotor skills -- 4.3.6 Hybrid approach -- 4.4 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- 5 Mobile and Pervasive Construction Visualization Using Outdoor Augmented Reality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Overview of augmented reality visualization -- 5.1.2 Augmented reality vs. virtual reality -- 5.2 Prior Related Work in Construction Visualization -- 5.3 Main Contributions -- 5.4 Technical Approach to Create AR Animations -- 5.5 ARVISCOPE Animation Authoring Language -- 5.5.1 Scene construction statements -- 5.5.2 Dynamic statements -- 5.5.3 Control statements -- 5.6 Creating an AR Animation Trace File from a DES Model -- 5.7 ARVISCOPE Language Design Issues -- 5.7.1 On-site positional measurement problems -- 5.7.2 Disassembling a virtual construction meta-object -- 5.8 Examples of Pervasive Outdoor AR Visualization -- 5.8.1 Offshore concrete delivery operation -- 5.8.2 Earthmoving operation -- 5.8.3 Structural steel erection operation -- 5.9 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Ubiquitous User Localization for Pervasive Context-Aware Construction Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Current State of Knowledge -- 6.3 User Tracking in Construction Environments -- 6.3.1 WLAN-based user position tracking -- 6.3.2 UWB-based user position tracking -- 6.3.3 Indoor GPS-based user position tracking -- 6.4 Validation of Accuracy in 3D Spatial User Tracking -- 6.4.1 WLAN-based indoor experiments -- 6.4.2 UWB-based indoor experiments -- 6.4.3 Indoor GPS-based indoor experiments -- 6.4.4 Indoor tracking systems comparative summary -- 6.5 Integration of GPS and Inertial Navigation -- 6.5.1 Personal dead reckoning (PDR) system -- 6.5.2 Integrated tracking system (ITS) -- 6.5.3 Validation of the integrated tracking system.

6.5.4 Integrated tracking system summary -- 6.6 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Person-oriented Mobile Information System Enhancing Engineering Communication in Construction Processes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Engineering communication in construction process(es) -- 7.1.2 Potentials of mobile computing in construction process(es) -- 7.2 Considering People in Processes -- 7.2.1 The E-site experience -- 7.2.2 Impact on organization -- 7.3 Dynamic Communication Environment (DyCE) -- 7.3.1 From E-site to DyCE concept -- 7.3.2 DyCE architecture -- 7.4 On-site Evaluation -- 7.4.1 Collecting data -- 7.4.2 Case study 1: new hotel complex -- 7.4.3 Case study 2: sewage system -- 7.4.4 Evaluation summary -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 7.6 Future Work -- References -- 8 The iHelmet: An AR-enhanced Wearable Display for BIM Information -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Challenges in exploring building information -- 8.1.2 Literature review -- 8.1.3 Objectives -- 8.2 Design and Implementation of the iHelmet -- 8.2.1 System architecture -- 8.2.2 Development environment -- 8.2.3 Implementation method -- 8.3 Module Implementations -- 8.3.1 Information integration module -- 8.3.2 Positioning module -- 8.3.3 Manipulation module -- 8.3.4 Display module -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.4.1 Advantages of this tool -- 8.4.2 Suggested future studies -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- 9 Mobile and Pervasive Computing: The Future for Design Collaboration -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Analytical Frameworks for Understanding Collaborative Technologies in Design -- 9.3 Characterizing Early Collaborative Design Technologies -- 9.4 Understanding Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Design Collaboration -- 9.5 Towards the Future -- 9.5.1 Designing in immersive environments -- 9.5.2 From collaborative design to collective design -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References.

10 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Technologies for Construction -- 10.1 Structural Element Recognition -- 10.2 Construction Equipment and Personnel Recognition -- 10.3 Damage and Defects Recognition -- 10.3.1 Concrete surface cracks -- 10.3.2 Air pockets -- 10.3.3 Concrete surface discoloration -- 10.3.4 Rebar exposure -- 10.3.5 Steel surface -- 10.3.6 Global building damage -- 10.3.7 Pavement surface -- 10.4 Videogrammetric Surveying -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- 11 Structural Health Monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Applications of existing wire-based SHM systems -- 11.1.2 Drawbacks of existing SHM systems -- 11.1.3 Wireless sensor networks: a promising but challenging paradigm for SHM -- 11.1.4 Examples of WSN-based SHM systems -- 11.1.5 The challenges for WSN-based SHM -- 11.2 How to Realize Long-Term Monitoring with WSNs using Battery-Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes -- 11.2.1 Sleep and wakeup -- 11.2.2 In-network processing -- 11.2.3 Energy harvesting -- 11.3 How to Implement Simple and Effective SHM Algorithms -- 11.3.1 Node-level SHM algorithms -- 11.3.2 Collaborative SHM algorithms -- 11.4 How to Realize Fast and Reliable Delivery of a Large Amount of Data -- 11.5 How to Deploy Sensor Nodes in WSN-based SHM System -- 11.6 How to Develop Middleware Framework for WSN-based SHM -- 11.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Cloud Computing Support for Construction Collaboration -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 What is Cloud Computing? -- 12.2.1 Service delivery models - SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS -- 12.2.2 Deployment models - public clouds or private clouds? -- 12.3 Cloud Computing as a Construction Collaboration Enabling Technology -- 12.4 Potential Benefits of Cloud Computing in the Construction Industry -- 12.4.1 Reduction of initial cost and lifecycle cost of IT system.

12.4.2 Thin client support for system mobility -- 12.4.3 System flexibility and elasticity -- 12.4.4 Facilitation of system maintenance and software updating -- 12.5 Challenges of Cloud Computing Adoption in the Construction Industry -- 12.5.1 Data security and governance -- 12.5.2 Interoperability issues -- 12.5.3 Searching for the right services -- 12.5.4 Service reliability, performance and availability -- 12.5.5 Trust issues -- 12.6 Proposed Collaboration Framework -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- 13 Concluding Notes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Summary -- 13.3 Benefits of Mobile and Pervasive Computing to Construction Sector Organizations -- 13.4 Considerations in the Effective Deployment of Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction -- 13.5 Future Directions -- References -- Index.