The Extraterritorial Application of Selected Human Rights Treaties -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Origins of the Current Debate -- 2. Object and Method of the Present Investigation -- 3. Are States Bound By Human Rights Treaties When They Operate Abroad? -- A. Main Arguments Supporting the Territorial Application of Human Rights Treaties -- B. Main Arguments Supporting the Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties -- Chapter 1: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- Preliminary Considerations on the Interpretation of International Treaties -- 1. Wording and Origins -- 2. History of the Proceedings -- A. Spatial Scope of the Covenant During the Initial Phase (1947-1948) -- B. Relevant Developments During the Drafting Phase (1949-1954) -- 1. A Key Provision -- 2. Drafters' Main Focus of Concern: Guaranteeing Rights to Nationals and Aliens in a State Party's Territory -- 3. US Amendments to the Jurisdictional Clause -- a. Analysis of the US Proposal to Include Reference to 'Territory' in the Jurisdictional Clause -- 4. French Text: 'Compétence' Instead of 'Juridiction' -- 5. The 194th Meeting of the Commission on Human Rights (1950) -- a. Protection of Nationals/Aliens Within/Outside a State Party's Territory -- b. Military Occupation as an Exceptional Situation -- c. Reference to the Reach of Penal Law -- d. Nature of Rights and Possibility of Ensuring them Abroad -- e. Different Phrasings Suggested for Article 2(1) -- 6. The Failed French Attempt to Delete Reference to 'Territory' -- C. Relevant Developments During the Deliberation Phase (1954-1966) -- Conclusion: Extraterritoriality in the Preparatory Work of the ICCPR -- 3. The Jurisdictional Clause of the ICCPR Interpreted by Monitoring Bodies -- Preliminary Considerations.

A. Quasi-Judicial Bodies: The Position of the Human Rights Committee -- 1. Views in Individual Communications -- a. Petitions Brought by Persons Who Fled the Country Regarding Events Occurred in the Country -- b. Passport Cases -- c.Persons Kidnapped by State Agents Operating Abroad -- 2. General Comments -- 3. Concluding Observations -- a. Military Occupation -- b. Troops Operating Abroad in Situations Other than Military Occupation -- c. The US Territorial Interpretation of the Covenant -- B. Judicial Bodies: The Position of the International Court of Justice -- 1. Wall Advisory Opinion -- 2. Judgment in the Case of Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo -- C. Further International Human Rights Mechanisms: UN Special Procedures -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2: The Spatial Reach of the European Convention on Human Rights -- Introduction -- 1. Wording and Origins of Article 1 ECHR -- 2. European Commission of Human Rights: 'Authority and Control Over Persons' -- A. Cases Related to Diplomatic and Consular Authorities -- B. Cases Involving Arrest or Detention of Persons Abroad -- C. Further Exercise of Public Powers Abroad -- D. Cases Involving the Presence of Troops Abroad -- Conclusion -- 3. Cases Before the European Court of Human Rights -- A. Cases before Bankovic -- 1. Control over Territory -- 2. Regular Exercise of Public Powers -- 3. Non-Refoulement Cases -- Conclusion on the Pre-Bankovic Jurisprudence -- B. The Bankovic Case -- 1. Factual Background -- 2. Parties' Arguments -- 3. Decision by the Court -- a. Recourse to the VCLT (1969) -- 1) Ordinary Meaning of Jurisdiction in Public International Law: Primarily Territorial -- 2) Subsequent State Practice -- 3) Confirmation of Results: Travaux Préparatoires.

b. Recall of the Jurisprudence of the Court on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction -- c. Court's Evaluation of the Case at Hand -- 1) Cause-and-Effect Notion of Jurisdiction -- 2) Rendering Reference to Jurisdiction in Article 1 Devoid of Any Purpose -- 3) Limited Airspace Control as Amounting to Jurisdiction: Comparison with the Soering Case -- 4) Comparable Treaty Provisions and Jurisprudence of Further Human Rights Bodies on the Subject -- 5) 'Ordre Public' Argument, Avoiding a Regrettable Vacuum and the Legal Space of the ECHR -- 6) Comparison with then Ongoing Cases on Similar Issues -- 7) Absence of a 'Jurisdictional Link' -- 8) Further Possible Non-Stated Reasons Influencing the Decision in Bankovic -- 9) Regional Character of the Convention -- Conclusion on the Bankovic Case -- C. First Cases After Bankovic -- 1. Control Over Persons -- 2. Control Over Territory -- 3. Control Over Persons and Control Over an Area -- Conclusion on the First Cases after Bankovic -- D. Later Cases After Bankovic -- 1. Exercise of Public Powers Abroad -- 2. Effects of Acts Abroad -- 3. Cases Involving the Presence of Troops Abroad -- a. Detention of Persons Abroad -- b. Incidents in UN Neutral Buffer Zone -- c. Further Military Operations -- Conclusion -- Overall Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3: The Convention Against Torture -- 1. A Different Treaty Covering an Absolute Right -- 2. Extent of States Parties' Obligations -- A. States' Main Obligation Under the Convention Against Torture -- B. Preparatory Work of the Convention Against Torture -- 1. Discussions on Article 2(1) CAT During the Preparatory Work -- 2. Discussions on Article 16(1) CAT During the Preparatory Work -- 3. Discussions on Article 3(1) CAT During the Preparatory Work.

3. Doubts Raised on the Geographical Extent of Application of the CAT -- A The Position of the United Kingdom -- 1. The Position of the Committee in Relation to the UK -- 2. The UK Comments on the Recommendations by the Committee -- 3. Later Developments Regarding the UK -- B. The Position of the United States -- 1. The Position of the Committee in Relation to the US -- 2. The US Comments on the Recommendations by the Committee -- 3. Later Developments Regarding the US -- C. The Position of the Committee as Reflected in its Further Practice -- Conclusion -- Final Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Table of Cases -- Table of Treaties, Legislation, and Other Relevant Instruments -- Index.