Cover -- Hitzaurrea -- Foreword -- Table of Contents -- Notes on the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Authors, texts and other written sources -- Basque Dialects (according to Bonaparte's 4th classification -- Linguistic terms -- Frequently cited works -- Frequently employed journals -- Introduction -- 1. The Basque Language today. Achievements and challenges -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Sociolinguistic data of the Basque Country (Euskal Herria) -- 1.3. Factors affecting the increase in the knowledge of Basque -- 1.4. Positive attitudes toward Basque -- 1.5. The situation today: fresh challenges in the light of achievements -- 1.5.1 Language use and language transmission -- 1.5.2. Fostering affective links with Basque -- 1.5.3. Welcoming immigrants to Basque -- 1.5.4. The presence and development of Basque in the new technologies -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 2. Basque Dialects -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The Basque Dialects today and in the historical past -- 2.2.1. How different are Basque dialects? -- 2.2.2. What are the Basque dialects? -- 2.2.2.1. Biscayan -- 2.2.2.2. Guipuscoan -- 2.2.2.3. Alavese -- 2.2.2.4. Northern High Navarrese -- 2.2.2.5. Southern High Navarrese -- 2.2.2.6. Labourdin -- 2.2.2.7. Western Low Navarrese -- 2.2.2.8. Eastern Low Navarrese -- 2.2.2.9. Souletin -- 2.2.2.10. Some other features: A-B-B-B-A and A-A-A/B-B-B alignments -- 2.2.3. How many Basque dialects are there? -- 2.3. The origin of Basque dialects -- 2.3.1. The secular view: tribes of Antiquity, Church dioceses, historical dialects -- 2.3.2. Lacombe (1952 [1924], Uhlenbeck (1947 [1942]). Biscayan vs. the other dialects -- 2.3.3. Michelena's (1987 [1981a]) éuscarp or Common Basque -- 2.3.4. Zuazo's (2010a) innovating foci -- 2.3.5. Camino (2011), Lakarra (2011f) -- 2.4. Common Basque on the map -- 2.5. Conclusion.

3. External History. Sources for historical research -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Roman period. Aquitanian or archaic Basque and linguistic contact -- 3.2.1. Epigraphic evidence -- 3.2.2. Latin loan words -- 3.3. Medieval Basque. Centuries of lights and shadows -- 3.4. The Modern Era. Texts in Basque -- 3.4.1. 15th century - 1600. Archaic Basque -- 3.4.2. 1600-1745. Old Classical Basque -- 3.4.3. 1745-1887. Early Modern Basque -- 3.4.4. 1887-1968. Late Modern Basque -- 3.4.5. 1968-Today. The unified Basque language (euskara batua) -- 3.5. Basque dialectology -- 3.6. Toponymy -- 3.7. Conclusion -- 4. Phonetics and Phonology -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The Basque phonemic inventory: now, then, and before then -- 4.2.1. Modern Basque dialects -- 4.2.2. Michelenian stages -- 4.2.3. Lakkarran Old Proto-Basque -- 4.3. Vowels -- 4.3.1. Main vowels -- 4.3.2. Nasalized Vowels -- 4.3.3. Distribution of the Souletin /y/ -- 4.3.4. Vocalic processes -- 4.3.4.1. Alternations between /i/ and /u/, /e/ and /o/ -- 4.3.4.2. Different vowel risings -- 4.3.4.3. Vowel lowerings -- 4.3.4.4. Vowel addition -- 4.3.4.5. Vowel deletion -- 4.3.4.6. Vocalic reciprocal metathesis -- 4.3.5. Diphtongs -- 4.3.5.1. Falling diphtongs -- 4.3.5.2. Rising diphtongs -- 4.4. Consonantism -- 4.4.1. Sonorants -- 4.4.1.1. Rhotics -- 4.4.1.2. Laterals -- 4.4.1.3. Nasals -- 4.4.1.3.1. /n/ -- 4.4.1.3.2. The development of /m/ -- 4.4.2. Stops -- 4.4.2.1. Voiced stop series -- 4.4.2.2. Voiceless stop series -- 4.4.2.3. Aspirated voiceless stop series -- 4.4.3. Fricatives -- 4.4.3.1. Different kinds of aspiration -- 4.4.3.1.1. Voiceless glottal fricative /h/ -- 4.4.3.1.2. Nasalized /h/ -- 4.4.3.2. The emergence of the labio-dental fricative /f/ -- 4.4.3.3. Sibilants -- 4.4.3.3.1. Voiceless fricative and affricate sibilants -- 4.4.3.3.2. Voiced alveolar sibilants -- 4.4.4. Palatal series.

4.4.4.1. Palatal segments and their usage -- 4.4.4.2. Assimilations -- 4.4.4.3. Outcomes of *j- -- 4.4.4.4. Depalatalization -- 4.4.5. Some consonantal processes -- 4.4.5.1. Assimilation -- 4.4.5.2. Dissimilation -- 4.4.5.3. Metatheses: reciprocal metathesis, perceptual metathesis and repercussion -- 4.5. Phonotactics -- 4.5.1. Word and syllable initial positions -- 4.5.2. Final position and coda tautosyllabic clusters -- 4.5.3. Heterosyllabic clusters and medial position -- 4.6. Accentuation -- 4.6.1. Central-western accentual type -- 4.6.2. Northern Biscayan accentual type -- 4.6.3. Souletin accentual type -- 4.6.4. Old Accentuation -- 4.7. Conclusion -- 5. Root Structure and the Reconstruction of Proto-Basque -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The standard reconstruction of Proto-Basque -- 5.3. Reasons for change -- 5.4. A new theory for the reconstruction of Proto-Basque. The monosyllabic root -- 5.5. Theory of the root and formal etymology in the Proto-Basque lexicon -- 5.6. From the canonical form to diachronic holistic typology -- 5.7. The canonical form and the reconstruction of the Basque verb -- 5.8. Canonical form, word families, and the reconstruction of the Old PB phonology -- 5.9. Changes in the canonical form -- 5.10. Some conclusions and remaining tasks -- 5.11. Appendices -- 5.11.1. Tables -- 5.11.2. Etymological appendix -- 6. Noun Morphology -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Description of today's Basque noun declension system -- 6.3. The article, definitenesse and number in noun declension -- 6.3.1. The grammatical cases -- 6.3.2. The local cases -- 6.4. The origin of the primary cases -- 6.4.1. The grammatical cases -- 6.4.1.1. The ergative -- 6.4.1.2. The genitive -- 6.4.1.3. The dative -- 6.4.1.4. The instrumental -- 6.4.2. The local cases -- 6.4.2.1. The inessive -- 6.4.2.2. The allative -- 6.4.2.3. The ablative (and prosecutive).

6.5. Secondary cases -- 6.5.1. Cases built upon the allative -- 6.5.1.1. The directional allative -- 6.5.1.2. The terminative allative -- 6.5.2. Cases built upon the genitive -- 6.5.2.1. The sociative -- 6.5.2.2. The motivative -- 6.5.2.3. The destinative -- 6.6. The pseudo-flectional morphemes ( or non-cases) -- 6.6.1. The local genitive -- 6.6.2. The essive/translative -- 6.6.3. The partitive -- 6.7. Conclusion -- 7. Demonstratives and Personal Pronouns -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Demonstratives -- 7.2.1. The paradigms of the standard language -- 7.2.2. Differences across dialects and historical developments -- 7.2.3. Peculiarities of case forms as compared to the noun declension -- 7.2.4. The demonstrative -> article phenomena -- 7.2.5. The internal structure of deictic roots and the origin of the tripartite deixis -- 7.2.6. The category of number on demonstratives -- 7.3. Personal pronouns -- 7.3.1. 1st and 2nd person pronouns -- 7.3.2. Peculiarities of the case forms of 1st and 2nd p. weak pronouns -- 7.3.3. Weak vs. strong forms -- 7.3.4. The Linschmann-Aresti Law -- 7.3.5. 3rd person pronouns. Pronominal, anaphoric, and other uses -- 7.4. Conclusion -- 8. Non-Finite Verbal Morphology -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Verbal periphrases in Basque -- 8.3. Tense and Aspect suffixes of non-finite verb forms: origins and variations -- 8.3.1. About the verbal radical (-Ø) and participle -- 8.3.1.1. A relative chronology of non-finite verbal forms -- 8.3.1.2. Classification of Basque verbs -- 8.3.1.2.1. The -i class -- 8.3.1.2.2. The -n class -- 8.3.1.2.3. The -tu class -- 8.3.1.2.4. The rest of the verbs -- 8.3.1.3. Expansion of the participle in western Basque -- 8.3.1.4. Reinforcement of the radical eastern Basque -- 8.3.2. The third non-finite verbal form: the gerund -- 8.3.2.1. On the Basque gerund -- 8.3.2.2. The gerund, suffix by suffix.

8.3.2.2.1. -te -- 8.3.2.2.2. -tze -- 8.3.2.2.3. -eta -- 8.3.2.2.4. -keta -- 8.3.2.2.5. The complex suffix -(t)zaite -- 8.3.3. The prospective participle -- 8.4. The Basque periphrastic verb: History and Pre-History -- 8.4.1. Combining non-finite forms with auxiliaries: TAM categories -- 8.4.2. Addition of further elements in periphrastic conjugation -- 8.4.2.1. Remoteness in present perfect and past -- 8.4.2.2. Marking the verbs as a sentence focus -- 8.4.2.3. Expressing progressive aspect: ari, ibili, egon, jardun -- 8.4.2.4. Further auxiliaries -- 8.4.3. Historical changes in the TAM system -- 8.4.4. Origins of the Basque periphrastic verb -- 8.4.5. The influence of Romance models -- 8.5. Conclusion -- 9. Finite Verbal Morphology -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Background and brief description -- 9.2.1. Previous works -- 9.2.2. General traits -- 9.3. Person and number agreement -- 9.3.1. Person -- 9.3.2. Number -- 9.4. Tense-Aspect-Mood -- 9.4.1. Tense and Aspect -- 9.4.1.1. Specific morphemes -- 9.4.1.1.1. Present -- 9.4.1.1.2. Past -- 9.4.1.1.3. Hypothetical -- 9.4.1.2. Morpheme order and ergative displacement -- 9.4.1.3. Inherent Aspect: past, present and future -- 9.4.2. Mood -- 9.5. Valency and diathesis -- 9.5.1. Nor -- 9.5.2. Nor-Nori -- 9.5.3. Nor-Nork -- 9.5.4. Nor-Nori-Nork -- 9.5.4.1. Dative insertion -- 9.5.4.1.1. Dative flag(s) -- 9.5.4.1.2. Alternation of the present tense vowel -- 9.5.4.2. Causativization as dative insertion -- 9.5.5. More on the origin of the diathesis in the Basque verb, was Basque a passive language? -- 9.6. Allocutive agreement -- 9.6.1. The use of allocutive forms -- 9.6.1.1. Morphosyntactic triggering and constraints -- 9.6.1.2. Dialectical extension -- 9.6.2. The hiketa -- 9.6.2.1. Morphological changes -- 9.6.2.1.1. Addition of the addressee agreement -- 9.6.2.1.2. Stem suppletion.

9.6.2.2. Phonological changes.