Contents -- Members of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' Research Team -- Preface -- Bibliography -- Chapter 1 Introduction WANG Luolin and ZHU Ling -- I Background and Objective of the Study -- II Research Approach -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 The Rational Behavior of Tibetan Farmers and Herders YANG Chunxue -- I Introduction -- II Rational Behaviors of Farmers and Herders -- 1. Resource allocation and utilization -- 2. Attitudes towards new plant types and new technologies: Risk averse -- III Reproductive Behavior: Birth Rate and Family Size -- IV Consumer Behavior and Religion -- 1. Structure of consumption expenses and religious expenses -- 2. Religion and individuals' economic behavior -- V Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 How Do Farmers and Herdsmen Participate in the Market? ZHU Hengpeng -- I Basic Means of Market Participation for Farmers and Herdsmen and Their Roles in the Market -- 1. Opportunities to participate in the market activities for farmers and herdsmen -- Case 1 The Wooden Bowl Business in Xingfu Village -- 2. The role of migrant merchants in the market network in Tibetan areas -- 3. The role of farmers and herdsmen in markets -- II Contribution of Traditional Tibetan Community to Market Participation of Farmers and Herdsmen -- Case 2 Forest Protection System Set Up by the Yihe Cooperative in Jidi Village -- Case 3 Policies on Private Loans and Bankruptcy in Tibetan Areas -- Case 4 Profitable Business in Jiegu Temple -- III Policy Suggestions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Sustainable Development of the Tricholoma Matsutake Industry in Tibetan-Inhabited Regions of Yunnan, and Their Participation in the Global Market: Discussions Based on Value Chain Analysis YAO Yu -- I The Emergence of the Tricholoma Matsutake Industry -- II Current Developments of Tricholoma Matsutake Industry.

1 . Value chain of tricholoma matsutake industry in the global market -- 2. Pricing process of tricholoma matsutake -- 3. Formation of the tricholoma matsutake market and the different merchants involved -- 4. The labor market in the tricholoma matsutake industry -- 5. The institutional environment's impact on the development of the tricholoma matsutake industry -- III Sustainable Development of Yunnan's Tricholoma Matsutake Industry -- 1. Causes for the decline of the tricholoma matsutake resources -- 2. Tibetan farmers at the bottom of the global value chain -- 3. Dramatic price fluctuations -- 4. Over-dependence on foreign markets -- 5. Lack of value-added methods -- IV Policy Discussions: Developing the Tricholoma Matsutake Industry -- 1 . Suggestions related to the collection of tricholoma matsutake -- 2. Suggestions for protecting tricholoma matsutake resources in international trade -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 The Socioeconomic Impact of Cordyceps Sinensis Resource Management in Tibetan-Inhabited Regions of Qinghai YAO Yu -- I Cordyceps Sinensis Has Become a Major Source of Income for Local Farmers and Herders -- II Cordyceps Sinensis Trade Promoted Local Socioeconomic Development -- III Challenges in This Industry -- 1. Unclear ownership rights -- 2. Market speculations -- 3. Diminishing cordyceps sinensis resources -- 4. Negative impacts on the local eco-environment -- 5. An imperfect institutional environment for the protection of cordyceps sinensis -- IV Policy Recommendations on the Development of the Cordyceps Sinensis Industry -- 1. The need to create an industry development plan and protect the plateau's ecology -- 2. Deepen and further clarify the reform of pasture ownership -- 3. Regulate the advertising market and develop alternative industries.

4. Design protection systems for cordyceps sinensis resources and develop other avenues for income growth -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Impoverishment Risks Caused by the Ecological Resettlement Project JIN Chengwu -- I Background of the Research Project -- II Livelihood Changes Facing Ecological Re-settlers -- Case 1 Family A of the Heyuan New Village -- Case 2 Family B in the Qinyuan New Village -- Case 3 Two Tibetan Youngsters at the Prefecture Government Hotel -- 1. Changes to everyday life -- 2. Changes in sources of income -- Case 4 Non-Local Business Owners -- III Conclusions and Policy Discussions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Preventing Intergenerational Poverty Transmission with Antenatal Care ZHU Ling -- I Antenatal Healthcare Services -- II Reasons for the Low Utilization of Maternal Health Services for Poor Women -- Case 1 The Way a Health Worker Chose Maternal Health Services for His Wife -- Case 2 Main Service Items and Prices in the Maternal Division of Maqin County Hospital -- III Conclusions and Policy Options -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Research on Compulsory Education in the Tibetan Regions of Qinghai and Yunnan Provinces WEI Zhong -- I The Government's Role in Promoting Compulsory Education -- 1. School infrastructure substantially improved due to a large increase in funding for compulsory education -- 2. County Party Secretary established an ad hoc department to encourage school attendance -- Case 1 Faking Attendance -- 3. A source of funding guaranteed as many county governments raised debt to support compulsory education -- 4. Free schooling and allowances have increased the enrollment rate -- 5. Supervision on compulsory education focuses on enrollment rate -- II Farming and Herding Households' Responses to the Compulsory Education Campaign -- 1. Employment prospects.

2. Traditional ways of working impede the spread of compulsory education -- 3. Conflict between monasteries and compulsory education -- 4. Dilemma of a bilingual education: Mandarin is not of much use locally and Tibetan is not useful in the outside world -- III The Private Sector and Compulsory Education -- 1. Advantages and drawbacks of private education -- Case 2 Jigme Gyaltsen Welfare School -- 2. Potential for private donations -- Case 3 Gesanghua, a Private Educational Assistance Organization -- IV Educational Assistance Options in Tibetan Regions -- 1. Official education volunteers -- 2. Private education volunteers -- 3. Teacher exchanges and training -- V Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Effects of Radio and TV on the Cultural Lives of Farmers and Herdsmen ZHOU Ji -- I The Status Quo in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas -- 1. Radio and TV: A primary part of the daily cultural life for many farmers and herdsmen -- Case 1 Mr Gan's TV Habits -- 2. Radio and TV: Primary means for farmers and herdsmen to access various information and knowledge -- Case 2 Mr. Zha - A TV Fan -- 3. Radio and TV: A significant influence over farmers' and herdsmen's daily lives -- Case 3 The Influence of TV -- 4. Many households in rural areas with access to electricity own TVs -- 5. TVs preferred over radio -- II Problems and Analysis -- 1. First, farmers and herdsmen lack access to local news and CCTV Channels 3, 5, 6 and 8. A clear difference emerged between rural and city areas, in terms of the types of programs available -- 2. Second, after the first round of the "Extend Radio and TV Coverage to Every Village Project", inadequate maintenance and funding led to a reduction in local TV programs -- 3. Third, quite a few farmers have installed satellite TV receivers.

4. Fourth, language barriers and an unstable power supply in some areas resulted in TV sets not being used or sold to others -- III Countermeasures and Suggestions -- 1. First, they should adopt wireless digital transmission technology, consolidate achievements in the "Extend Radio and TV Coverage to Every Village Project", and ensure that everyone can tune in to the same programs -- 2. Second, there is a need to strengthen coordination of broadcasting and TV development in agricultural and pastoral areas -- 3. Third, there should be a register of households who have had a satellite TV receiver installed -- Chapter 10 Private and Social Aid in the Eastern Tibetan Regions WEI Zhong -- I The Elderly in Tibet and the Government's Assistance Mechanism -- 1. The "five guarantees" system -- Case 1 Mani Gange Nursing Home -- Case 2 The People in the Nursing Home -- 2. New rural pension scheme -- Case 3 Gongjue's Dilemma -- II Extremely Poor Families and Social Aid in Tibetan Regions -- 1. Minimum standard of living system -- Case 4 The Loss of a Husband -- 2. Social aid for children from extremely poor backgrounds to enter universities -- III Medical Aid -- Case 5 The Ciren Family -- IV Private Aid Targeted at the Elderly and the Extremely Poor Families -- 1. Aid provided by family or relatives -- Case 6 The Baila Family -- 2. Private or temple-run nursing homes -- 3. Aid from fellow villagers -- 4. Temple aid for poor families -- V Policy Suggestions -- 1. Make full use of all resources at their disposal -- 2. Design a flexible system -- 3. Implementing an advanced social welfare system necessitates stronger supporting systems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11 Snow Disasters and Relief Efforts: A Case Study of Tibetan Pastoral Areas in Southern Qinghai ZHALUO -- I Importance of Relief Efforts -- II Field Observations: Relief Efforts during Snow Disasters.

1. Herders engaging in self-help.