Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Kinetics in Nanoscale Materials -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nanosphere: Surface Energy is Equivalent to Gibbs-Thomson Potential -- 1.3 Nanosphere: Lower Melting Point -- 1.4 Nanosphere: Fewer Homogeneous Nucleation and its Effect on Phase Diagram -- 1.5 Nanosphere: Kirkendall Effect and Instability of Hollow Nanospheres -- 1.6 Nanosphere: Inverse Kirkendall Effect in Hollow Nano Alloy Spheres -- 1.7 Nanosphere: Combining Kirkendall Effect and Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Concentric Bilayer Hollow Nanosphere -- 1.8 Nano Hole: Instability of a Donut-Type Nano Hole in a Membrane -- 1.9 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metal and Silicon Nanowires -- 1.10 Nanowire: Nanogap in Silicon Nanowires -- 1.11 Nanowire: Lithiation in Silicon Nanowires -- 1.12 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metallic Nanowires -- 1.13 Nano Thin Film: Explosive Reaction in Periodic Multilayered Nano Thin Films -- 1.14 Nano Microstructure in Bulk Samples: Nanotwins -- 1.15 Nano Microstructure on the Surface of a Bulk Sample: Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) of Steel -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 2 Linear and Nonlinear Diffusion -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Linear Diffusion -- 2.2.1 Atomic Flux -- 2.2.2 Fick's First Law of Diffusion -- 2.2.3 Chemical Potential -- 2.2.4 Fick's Second Law of Diffusion -- 2.2.5 Flux Divergence -- 2.2.6 Tracer Diffusion -- 2.2.7 Diffusivity -- 2.2.8 Experimental Measurement of the Parameters in Diffusivity -- 2.3 Nonlinear Diffusion -- 2.3.1 Nonlinear Effect due to Kinetic Consideration -- 2.3.2 Nonlinear Effect due to Thermodynamic Consideration -- 2.3.3 Combining Thermodynamic and Kinetic Nonlinear Effects -- References -- Problems.

Chapter 3 Kirkendall Effect and Inverse Kirkendall Effect -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Kirkendall Effect -- 3.2.1 Darken's Analysis of Kirkendall Shift and Marker Motion -- 3.2.2 Boltzmann and Matano Analysis of Interdiffusion Coefficient -- 3.2.3 Activity and Intrinsic Diffusivity -- 3.2.4 Kirkendall (Frenkel) Voiding Without Lattice Shift -- 3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect -- 3.3.1 Physical Meaning of Inverse Kirkendall Effect -- 3.3.2 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on the Instability of an Alloy Nanoshell -- 3.3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Segregation in a Regular Solution Nanoshell -- 3.4 Interaction Between Kirkendall Effect and Gibbs-Thomson Effect in the Formation of a Spherical Compound Nanoshell -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 4 Ripening Among Nanoprecipitates -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ham's Model of Growth of a Spherical Precipitate (C_r is Constant) -- 4.3 Mean-Field Consideration -- 4.4 Gibbs-Thomson Potential -- 4.5 Growth and Dissolution of a Spherical Nanoprecipitate in a Mean Field -- 4.6 LSW Theory of Kinetics of Particle Ripening -- 4.7 Continuity Equation in Size Space -- 4.8 Size Distribution Function in Conservative Ripening -- 4.9 Further Developments of LSW Theory -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 5 Spinodal Decomposition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Implication of Diffusion Equation in Homogenization and Decomposition -- 5.3 Spinodal Decomposition -- 5.3.1 Concentration Gradient in an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution -- 5.3.2 Energy of Mixing to Form a Homogeneous Solid Solution -- 5.3.3 Energy of Mixing to Form an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution -- 5.3.4 Chemical Potential in Inhomogeneous Solution -- 5.3.5 Coherent Strain Energy -- 5.3.6 Solution of the Diffusion Equation -- References -- Problems.

Chapter 6 Nucleation Events in Bulk Materials, Thin Films, and Nanowires -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Nucleation -- 6.2.1 Thermodynamics of Nucleation -- 6.2.2 Kinetics of Nucleation -- 6.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation in Grain Boundaries of Bulk Materials -- 6.3.1 Morphology of Grain Boundary Precipitates -- 6.3.2 Introducing an Epitaxial Interface to Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 6.3.3 Replacive Mechanism of a Grain Boundary -- 6.4 No Homogeneous Nucleation in Epitaxial Growth of Si Thin Film on Si Wafer -- 6.5 Repeating Homogeneous Nucleation of Silicide in Nanowires of Si -- 6.5.1 Point Contact Reactions in Nanowires -- 6.5.2 Homogeneous Nucleation of Epitaxial Silicide in Nanowires of Si -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 7 Contact Reactions On Si -- Plane, Line, and Point Contact Reactions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bulk Cases -- 7.2.1 Kidson's Analysis of Diffusion-Controlled Planar Growth -- 7.2.2 Steady State Approximation in Layered Growth of Multiple Phases -- 7.2.3 Marker Analysis -- 7.2.4 Interdiffusion Coefficient in Intermetallic Compound -- 7.2.5 Wagner Diffusivity -- 7.3 Thin Film Cases -- 7.3.1 Diffusion-Controlled and Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth -- 7.3.2 Kinetics of Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth -- 7.3.3 Kinetics of Competitive Growth of Two-Layered Phases -- 7.3.4 First Phase in Silicide Formation -- 7.4 Nanowire Cases -- 7.4.1 Point Contact Reactions -- 7.4.2 Line Contact Reactions -- 7.4.3 Planar Contact Reactions -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 8 Grain Growth in Micro and Nanoscale -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 How to Generate a Polycrystalline Microstructure -- 8.3 Computer Simulation of Grain Growth -- 8.3.1 Atomistic Simulation Based on Monte Carlo Method -- 8.3.2 Phenomenological Simulations.

8.4 Statistical Distribution Functions of Grain Size -- 8.5 Deterministic (Dynamic) Approach to Grain Growth -- 8.6 Coupling Between Grain Growth of a Central Grain and the Rest of Grains -- 8.7 Decoupling the Grain Growth of a Central Grain from the Rest of Grains in the Normalized Size Space -- 8.8 Grain Growth in 2D Case in the Normalized Size Space -- 8.9 Grain Rotation -- 8.9.1 Grain Rotation in Anisotropic Thin Films Under Electromigration -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 9 Self-Sustained Reactions in Nanoscale Multilayered Thin Films -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Selection of a Pair of Metallic Thin Films for SHS -- 9.3 A Simple Model of Single-Phase Growth in Self-Sustained Reaction -- 9.4 A Simple Estimate of Flame Velocity in Steady State Heat Transfer -- 9.5 Comparison in Phase Formation by Annealing and by Explosive Reaction in Al/Ni -- 9.6 Self-Explosive Silicidation Reactions -- References -- Problems -- Chapter 10 Formation and Transformations of Nanotwins in Copper -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Formation of Nanotwins in Cu -- 10.2.1 First Principle Calculation of Energy of Formation of Nanotwins -- 10.2.2 In Situ Measurement of Stress Evolution for Nanotwin Formation During Pulse Electrodeposition of Cu -- 10.2.3 Formation of Nanotwin Cu in Through-Silicon Vias -- 10.3 Formation and Transformation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu -- 10.3.1 Formation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu -- 10.3.2 Unidirectional Growth of Cu-Sn Intermetallic Compound on Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu -- 10.3.3 Transformation of Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu to Oriented Single Crystal of Cu -- 10.4 Potential Applications of Nanotwinned Cu -- 10.4.1 To Reduce Electromigration in Interconnect Technology -- 10.4.2 To Eliminate Kirkendall Voids in Microbump Packaging Technology -- References -- Problems.

Appendix A: Laplace Pressure in Nonspherical Nanoparticle -- Appendix B: Interdiffusion Coefficient D=C_BMG'' -- Appendix C: Nonequilibrium Vacancies and Cross-Effects on Interdiffusion in a Pseudo-Ternary Alloy -- Appendix D: Interaction Between Kirkendall Effect and Gibbs-Thomson Effect in the Formation of a Spherical Compound Nanoshell -- Index.