Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes -- Abbreviations -- Weights and Measures -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- The Project -- Organization of the Report -- Key Considerations for the Economics of Climate Change Adaptation -- Combining Analyses of Mitigation and Adaptation -- Chapter 1 Climate Change Impact on East Asia -- Key Messages -- Study Area -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Historical Climate Change and Climate Variability -- Projected Climate Change -- Climate Change Impacts -- Appendix: Historical Climate and Climate Change Projections -- Chapter 2 The Economics of Adaptation in the Infrastructure Sector -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Conclusions -- Appendix: Socioeconomic Projections -- Chapter 3 The Economics of Adaptation in the Coastal Sector -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 The Economics of Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 The Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty in East Asia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Methodology and Results -- Chapter 6 Greenhouse Gas Projections and the Costs of Sector-Specific Mitigation Options -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Appendix 1: Technology Options in the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model Enduse Database -- Appendix 2: Explanation of Some Technologies in the Marginal Abatement Cost Curves -- Chapter 7 Integrated Assessment Modeling in East Asia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Chapter 8 Climate Policy in East Asia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Country Policies and Arrangements for Addressing Climate Change -- The Key Pillars of Climate Policy -- Future Developments in Climate Policy.

Policies for Innovation to Enhance Climate Policies -- Opportunities for Regional Cooperation -- Bibliography -- Introduction -- Box -- 1 Climate Scenarios and Uncertainty -- Chapter 1 -- Figures -- 1 Total Energy-Related Emissions in East Asia and Other Countries versus Per Capita Income, 1971-2009 -- 2 Energy Intensity in East Asia and Other Countries versus Per Capita Income, 1971-2009 -- 3 Sector Shares of Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Asia, 2010 -- 4 Climate-Related Natural Disasters in the People's Republic of China, 1970-2011 -- 5 Comparison of Actual Energy-Related Emissions with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Projections, 1990-2010 -- 6 Change in Mean Annual Temperature for East Asia, 2050 (2046-2055 versus 1961-1990) -- 7 Change in Mean Annual Temperature for East Asia, 2090 (2086-2095 versus 1961-1990) -- 8 Change in Mean Annual Precipitation for East Asia, 2050 (2046-2055 versus 1961-1990) -- 9 Change in Mean Annual Precipitation for East Asia, 2090 (2086-2095 versus 1961-1990) -- Tables -- 1 Total Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1971-2010 -- 2 Sector Breakdown of Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in 2010 -- 3 Per Capita Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 4 Energy Intensity -- 5 Country Averages for the General Circulation Models Ensemble Median for the Change in Mean Annual Temperature in East Asia -- 6 Country Averages for the General Circulation Model Ensemble Median for the Change in Mean Annual Precipitation and Mean Seasonal Precipitation in East Asia -- 7 The Main Impacts of Climatic Exposures on Health -- Box -- 1 Are Heat Waves Responsible for Additional Mortality? -- Chapter 2 -- Figures -- 1 Impact of Climate Change on Short-Term Flooding -- 2A: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing for All Infrastructure in the People's Republic of China.

2B: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing for All Infrastructure in Japan -- 2C: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing for All Infrastructure in the Republic of Korea -- 2D: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing for All Infrastructure in Mongolia -- 3A: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing by Infrastructure Category in the People's Republic of China -- 3B: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing by Infrastructure Category in Japan -- 3C: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing by Infrastructure Category in the Republic of Korea -- 3D: Net Benefits of Climate Proofing by Infrastructure Category in Mongolia -- 4 Net Benefits of Climate Proofing for All Infrastructure by Regions in the People's Republic of China -- Tables -- 1 Average Costs of Adaptation for Climate Proofing by Country and/or Region and Climate Scenario, 2011-2050 -- 2 Average Costs of Climate Proofing by Infrastructure Category and Climate Scenario, 2011-2050 -- A1 Projections of Total Population, 2010-2050 -- A2 Projections of Population Aged 0-14 Years, 2010-2050 -- A3 Projections of Population Aged Over 65 Years, 2010-2050 -- A4 Projections of Population Living in Urban Areas, 2010-2050 -- A5 Projection of Gross Domestic Product per Person, 2010-2050 -- Box -- 1 Could Appropriate Investments in Infrastructure Help Avert the Health Impacts of Climate Change? -- Chapter 3 -- Figures -- 1 East Asian Deltas -- 2 Schematic of the DIVA Model Process -- 3 Assumed Change in the Distribution of Extreme Water Levels in Shanghai, People's Republic China, Taking into Account an Increase in Mean Sea Level (High Scenario) with an Increase in Tropical Storm Intensity -- 4 Distribution of Average Annual Sea-Flood Costs for the Coastal Areas of the People's Republic of China under the Medium Sea-Level Rise Scenario, 2010-2050 -- 5 Average Annual Total Adaptation Costs for Coastal Areas of the People's Republic of China, 2010-2050.

6 Relative Breakdown of Annual Climate Change Adaptation Costs for the Medium Sea-Level Rise Scenario, 2010-2050 -- Tables -- 1 Population in the Low-Elevation Coastal Zone in East Asia -- 2 Main Physical and Ecosystem Effects of Increased Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change in Coastal Areas -- 3 Sea-Level Rise Scenarios Considered, 2010-2100 -- 4 National Population and Gross Domestic Product for the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Republic of Korea, 2010 and 2050 -- 5 Scenario Combinations Used in this Study -- 6 Average Annual Rates of Dryland Loss Due to Submergence and Erosion for the Medium Sea-Level Rise Scenario, 2010-2050 -- 7 Average Annual Rates of Dryland and Wetland Loss for the People's Republic of China Under All Sea-Level Rise Scenarios, 2010-2050 -- 8 Coastal Wetland Area Over Time for All Scenarios, 2010-2050 -- 9 Cumulative Forced Migration and Associated Costs, 2010-2050 -- 10 Average Annual National Damage Costs with and without Adaptation, 2010-2050 -- 11 Average Total National Annual Adaptation Costs, 2010-2050 -- 12 Average Annual Adaptation Costs under the Medium Sea-Level Rise Scenario in Areas of the People's Republic of China, 2010-2050 -- 13 Increase in Annual Adaptation Costs due to Tropical Cyclones -- 14 Average Annual Port Area Upgrade Costs for All Scenarios, 2010-2050 -- 15 Average Annual Incremental National Climate Change Adaptation Costs, 2010-2050 -- Chapter 4 -- Figures -- 1 Share of the Cropland Area in 2000 Where Yields Decline by Climate Scenario, 2030 and 2050 -- 2 Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Prices in East Asia, 2050 -- 3 Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Supply and Demand in 2050 -- 4A: Adaptation Cost in 2050 with No Exogenous Yield Growth -- 4B: Adaptation Cost in 2050 Allowing for Historical Exogenous Yield Growth.

4C: Adaptation Cost in 2050 Allowing for IMPACT Exogenous Yield Growth -- 5 Impact of a Consumer Subsidy on Crop Supply and Demand in 2050 -- 6 Shifts in Crop Production due to Consumer Adaptation Policy in 2050 -- Tables -- 1 Changes in Total Calorie Production due to Climate Change, 2030 and 2050 -- 2 Changes in Crop Yields due to Climate Change in East Asia, 2050 -- 3 Change in Total Calorie Production from Crops across Climate Change Scenarios, 2030 and 2050 -- Box -- 1 Carbon Fertilization -- Chapter 5 -- Tables -- 1 Baseline Projections of Poverty Indices with No Climate Change, 2010-2050 -- 2 Impact of Climate Change on Poverty Indices, 2050 -- 3 Agricultural Prices and Production in the People's Republic of China, 2030 and 2050 -- Chapter 6 -- Figures -- 1 Asia-Pacific Integrated Model Enduse Model -- 2A: Emissions and Abatement Potential in the People's Republic of China under the High Discount Rate Scenario -- 2B: Emissions and Abatement Potential in the People's Republic of China under the Low Discount Rate Scenario -- 3A: Emissions and Abatement Potential in Japan under the High Discount Rate Scenario -- 3B: Emissions and Abatement Potential in Japan under the Low Discount Rate Scenario -- 4A: Emissions and Abatement Potential in the Republic of Korea under the High Discount Rate Scenario -- 4B: Emissions and Abatement Potential in the Republic of Korea under the Low Discount Rate Scenario -- 5A: Emissions and Abatement Potential in Mongolia under the High Discount Rate Scenario -- 5B: Emissions and Abatement Potential in Mongolia under the Low Discount Rate Scenario -- 6 Sector Composition of Greenhouse Gas Emissions under Business-as-Usual Scenario, 2030 -- 7 Sector Composition of Maximum Abatement Potential, 2030 -- 8A: Marginal Abatement Cost Curve for the People's Republic of China for the High Discount Rate Scenario, 2030.

8B: Marginal Abatement Cost Curve for the People's Republic of China for the Low Discount Rate Scenario, 2030.