Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Urban prosperity and livability below potential -- Urbanization-Messy and hidden -- Congestion constraining the benefits of agglomeration -- Addressing deficits in urban governance and finance -- Three additional areas for policy action -- Moving forward: Leveraging urbanization for greater prosperity and livability -- Notes -- Introduction -- Summary -- The growing recognition of urbanization's importance -- A framework for assessing urbanization and city performance -- Sources of agglomeration economies and congestion forces -- Notes -- References -- Part 1 PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION AND STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION -- 1 Leveraging Urbanization for Prosperity and Livability -- Introduction -- South Asia's recent urbanization in global and historical perspective -- Livability of South Asia's cities -- Looking ahead-Leveraging urbanization for prosperity and livability -- Notes -- References -- 2 Spatial Patterns of Subnational Performance and Urban Growth -- Introduction -- Measuring differences in subnational performance -- Variations in the level and pace of urbanization across South Asian countries -- Urban population growth and its drivers -- Population growth across urban hierarchies and geographic space -- Rapid relative expansion of urban footprints and the rise of the multicity agglomeration -- Spatial patterns of economic growth -- Growth of major agglomerations -- Spatial deconcentration of manufacturing -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- Part 2 POLICIES FOR IMPROVED LEVERAGING -- 3 Revitalizing Urban Governance and Finance -- Introduction -- Basic government and intergovernmental structures and decentralization policy -- The empowerment deficit -- The resource deficit -- The accountability deficit.

Where empowerment, resources, and accountability meet: Implications for urban service delivery -- Bridging gaps in urban empowerment, resources, and accountability -- Notes -- References -- 4 Planning and Managing Spatial Structure and Connectivity -- Introduction -- Developing a system of well-connected and productive cities -- Managing urban expansion and rejuvenating city cores -- Urban governance in spatial and transportation planning in cities -- Notes -- References -- 5 Providing Affordable Land and Housing -- Introduction -- Impact of urbanization on housing -- The consequences of failing to provide affordable housing: At least one in four urban dwellers lives in slums -- Overcoming housing supply constraints: A two-pronged approach -- Key recommendations -- Notes -- References -- 6 Sustaining Prosperity by Building Disaster-Resilient Cities -- Introduction -- Urban risks and exposure -- Urban vulnerability to natural hazards -- Impacts of climate change and global warming -- Classification of cities based on risk and vulnerability profiles -- Key recommendations -- Notes -- References -- BOXES -- 1 Types of localization economies -- 2 Sources of congestion forces -- 1.1 Investment in data for South Asian countries is urgently required -- 1.2 Defining and comparing urban areas-The agglomeration index and night-lights -- 1.3 Different trajectories-Urbanization, economic growth, and manufacturing exports in China and South Asia -- 1.4 Is early deindustrialization inevitable? Not if the advantages of cities can be brought into play -- 1.5 More than dust in Delhi -- 2.1 Using nighttime lights data to infer patterns of economic activity and urban expansion -- 2.2 Constructing the prosperity index -- 2.3 India's rapidly proliferating census towns -- 2.4 Urbanization and health in South Asia-A missed opportunity?.

2.5 The rise of the South Asian megacity and the Malthusian trap -- 4.1 Urbanization pressures in Kabul, Dhaka, and Thimphu -- 4.2 Interconnecting cities in India and Sri Lanka -- 4.3 Rejuvenating Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires -- 4.4 Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System: The Janmarg -- 4.5 Equitable planning: Planning, when done right, benefits the poor in multiple ways -- 4.6 Transforming Ahmedabad's commercial center through granular planning -- 4.7 Santiago's repopulation and housing rehabilitation programs -- 4.8 Land use in Kanpur and Amritsar from satellite imagery analysis and ground surveys -- 4.9 Balancing trade-offs in urban development, housing land supply, traffic, tourism, cultural heritage, and environmental assets in Kandy -- 4.10 Singapore's urban planning framework and approach to granularity and implementation -- 4.11 Land-value capture in Hong Kong SAR, China -- 4.12 Land pooling and its application in Bhutan and Gujarat -- 4.13 Inclusive urban planning and city revitalization in Medellín -- 4.14 Preserving heritage and improving livelihoods in Lahore Walled City through social mobilization -- 5.1 Estimating India's slum population -- 5.2 Impact of regulations on housing supply elasticity -- 6.1 Investing in urban resilience: Colombo metropolitan area -- 6.2 Integrating risk assessment in development planning: Aqaba, Jordan -- 6.3 International experiences in risk financing -- Figures -- 1 Report structure and framework for assessing urbanization and performance -- 1.1 South Asia is among the least urbanized regions -- 1.2 South Asia's low agglomeration index is consistent with its level of development -- 1.3 Annual growth rate of South Asia's urban share compared with other regions, 2000-11.

1.4 Annual growth rate of South Asia's urban population share compared with annual growth rates historically experienced by today's developed countries -- 1.5 Absolute increase in South Asia's urban population compared with other regions, 2000-11 -- 1.6 Global GDP share minus global urban population share for major world regions, 2011 -- 1.7 Structural change and urbanization: Relation between agglomeration index and value added by nonagricultural activities, 2010 -- 1.8 Annual growth rates of shares of GDP generated by nonagricultural and manufacturing activities, 2000-10 -- B1.3.1 Economic growth, urbanization, and manufacturing exports in South Asia versus China -- 1.9 Prevalence of urban slums and poverty across South Asian countries -- B1.5.1 Relationship between annual mean concentration of PM[sub(2.5)] and city population density for 381 developing-country cities -- 1.10 Livability in four major South Asian cities and comparator cities -- 1.11 Projected growth of urban population, 2011-30 -- B2.1.1 Distribution of nighttime light intensity between agricultural and urban areas in South Asia, 2009 -- B2.1.2 Relationship between GDP growth and growth of nighttime light intensity across low- and middle-income countries, 1999-2010 -- 2.1 Performance distribution on the prosperity index across all districts -- 2.2 Prosperity tends to be higher in more populous districts, but with significant variation in performance -- 2.3 Relationship between district population and components of the prosperity index -- 2.4 Very strong performing districts: A strong negative relationship between productivity and dynamism -- 2.5 Prosperity score and dynamism by population quartile -- 2.6 Share of the population classified as urban: Official definitions and the agglomeration index, 2010 -- B2.3.1 Number of Indian statutory and census towns, 1981-2011.

2.7 Annual growth rate of urban share of population, by country, 2000-10 -- 2.8 Annual growth rate of urban population, by country, 2000-10 -- B2.4.1 Under-five mortality rates across socioeconomic index quintiles -- B2.4.2 Percentage of births in health facilities across socioeconomic index quintiles -- 2.9 Convergence of poverty rates across Sri Lankan districts, 2002-09 -- 2.10 City population growth rate and initial population -- 2.11 Patterns of population growth across districts, years including 2001-10 -- 2.12 Urban nighttime light footprints -- 2.13 Built-up urban area located outside official boundaries -- 2.14 The birth of the Coimbatore agglomeration, India -- 2.15 The Delhi-Lahore agglomeration -- 2.16 GDP growth and population growth across South Asian districts, 1999-2010 -- 2.17 Patterns of annual nighttime lights growth around selected major cities, 1999-2010 -- 2.18 Employment growth in Indian metropolitan cores and their peripheries, by sector, 1998-2005 -- 2.19 Increased urbanization of unorganized manufacturing in India, 1989-2005 -- 2.20 Employment in Dhaka -- 3.1 Three key urban governance deficits in South Asia -- 4.1 National, city, and institutional priority areas -- 4.2 The Republic of Korea's highway network and GRDP -- 4.3 Road network characteristics -- 4.4 Connectivity of South Asian cities in infrastructure networks: Airlines, information technology, roads, and rail -- B4.2.1 The national physical structure plan showing major planned road and rail network in Sri Lanka connecting to major urban centers by 2030 -- B4.3.1 Illustrative plan of Puerto Madero, 2014 -- B4.4.1 Bird's-eye view of the BRTS station at Jhansi ki Rani junction, Ahmedabad, India -- B4.4.2 The Bus Rapid Transit System network -- 4.5 Expansion of built-up area -- 4.6 Karachi's 2020 Development Plan.

4.7 Global urban population density and quality of living, 2012.