The purpose of this concluding chapter is two-fold. On the one hand, we want to tease out and summarize the key fi ndings of the diff erent chapters. What do these studies tell us, collectively? On the other hand, we want to extrapolate from these fi ndings and the current literature to off er concrete stakeholder advice to politicians, journalists, and citizens who are all confronted with the challenge of populist politics and populist messages. For discussions of the limitations of this research and future research directions, we refer the reader back to the conclusions of the individual chapters where these are discussed in detail.