Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Demographic Dividend or Disaster -- Demographic Dynamics in Africa -- Slow Declines in Fertility -- Variations in the Fertility Transition -- Speeding up the Transition -- Encouraging Smaller Families -- Changing Social Norms and Gender Equality -- Delaying the Age of Marriage and Planning Families -- Human Development Payoffs -- Better Child and Maternal Health -- Investments in Girls' Education -- Jobs Payoffs -- Changing Age Structure -- More Women in the Workforce -- Economic Growth in Africa -- How the Age Structure Can Drive Growth -- Savings Payoffs -- Investment Payoffs -- What the Demographic Dividend Could Deliver -- Policies to Speed up the Demographic Transition -- Policies to Reap the Demographic Dividend -- Notes -- References -- 1 The State of Demographics in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Introduction -- Population and Economic Development -- The Demographic Transition in East Asia and Latin America -- Population Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Demographic Trends within Sub-Saharan Africa -- Implications for the Demographic Dividend -- Notes -- References -- 2 Speeding the Demographic Transition -- Introduction -- Child Health and Fertility -- Female Education and Fertility -- Social Norms and Fertility -- Gender Equity and Fertility -- Female Labor Market Opportunities and Fertility -- Urbanization and Fertility -- Proximate Determinants of Fertility -- Effective Family Planning: Barriers, Costs, and Public Subsidies -- Notes -- References -- 3 Education Effects of the Demographic Dividend -- Trends in Schooling and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Fertility and Investments in Education -- Pathways of Achieving a School Dividend.

Decomposition Analysis: Demographic Changes and Educational Resources per Child -- Policies to Reap Africa's Promising Schooling Dividend -- Notes -- References -- 4 Economic Effects of the Demographic Dividend -- Trends in Africa's Recent Economic Performance -- Jobs Payoffs -- Savings and Investment Payoffs -- Modeling Economic Growth and the Demographic Dividend: Simulation Results for Nigeria -- Policies to Reap Africa's Promising Economic Dividends -- Notes -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- Y -- Z -- Boxes -- O.1 Cohort Size and Youth Unemployment -- 1.1 The Challenges of Fixed Global Resources and Environmental Degradation -- 2.1 The Effect of Education Reform on Teenage Fertility in Ethiopia -- Figures -- O.1 Four Stages of the Demographic Transition in Sweden, 1750-2010 -- O.2 Actual and Projected Ratio of Working-Age Population 16-64 Years of Age to Dependents in Select World Regions, 1950-2100 -- O.3 Under-Five Mortality Rate in Select World Regions, 1960-2012 -- O.4 Total Fertility Rate in Select World Regions, 1960-2012 -- O.5 Total Fertility Rate in Select Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1960-2012 -- O.6 Total Fertility Rate in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Kenya, by Rural-Urban Residence, Various Years -- O.7 Correlation between Under-Five Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate in Sub-Saharan Africa and Rest of the World, 2012 -- O.8 Total Fertility Rate in Ethiopia, by Female Educational Attainment, 1998-2011 -- O.9 Secondary School Enrollment in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Gender, 1970-2012 -- O.10 Proximate Determinants of Fertility in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and Ghana, Various Years -- O.11 Adjusted Relative Risk of Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Birth Interval, 1987-2011.

O.12 Ratio of Working-Age Population 16-64 Years of Age to Dependents and Total Fertility Rate in Africa, 2010 -- O.13 Growth of GDP and GDP per Capita in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1965-2010 -- O.14 Growth of Income per Capita in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Source, 1960-2010 -- O.15 Labor Income and Consumption per Capita in Kenya, by Age, 1994 -- O.16 FDI as a Share of GDP in Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Resource Status, 1980-2010 -- O.17 Income per Capita under High-, Medium- and Low-Variant Scenarios in Nigeria, 2010-2100 -- 1.1 Stages of the Demographic Transition -- 1.2 Actual and Projected Demographic Changes in East Asia, 1950-2060 -- 1.3 Crude Birth Rates and Economic Growth in a Sample of Countries, 1980-2000 -- 1.4 Crude Death Rates and Economic Growth in a Sample of Countries, 1980-2000 -- 1.5 Demographic Trends in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, 1950-2010 -- 1.6 Actual and Projected Population Growth Rates in Select World Regions, 1950-2060 -- 1.7 Actual and Projected Life Expectancy at Birth in Select World Regions, 1950-2050 -- 1.8 Actual and Projected Under-Five Mortality Rate in Select World Regions, 1995-2050 -- 1.9 Total Fertility Rate in Select World Regions, 1960-2010 -- 1.10 Population Pyramid for Sub-Saharan Africa, 2010 and 2060 -- 1.11 Actual and Projected Proportion of the Population 15-64 Years of Age in Africa, by Region, 1950-2060 -- 1.12 Size of the Population 15-64 Years of Age in Africa, by Region, 1950, 2010, and 2060 -- 1.13 Actual and Projected Under-Five Mortality Rate in Africa, by Region, 1995-2050 -- 1.14 Under-Five Mortality Rate in Select African Countries, by Urban-Rural Residence, Various Years, 2007-09 -- 1.15 Total Fertility Rate in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Kenya, by Rural-Urban Residence, Various Years.

1.16 Total Fertility Rate in Sub-Saharan Africa and Seven Countries from Other Regions, by Urban-Rural Location, Various Years -- 1.17 Urban as a Share of Total Population, by World Region, 1960-2012 -- 1.18 Actual and Projected Ratio of Working-Age Population 16-64 Years of Age to Dependents in Select World Regions, 1950-2100 -- 2.1 Correlation between Under-Five Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate in Sub-Saharan Africa and Rest of the World, 2012 -- 2.2 Adjusted Relative Risk of Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Birth Interval, 1987-2011 -- 2.3 Ratio of Adjusted Relative Risk of Infant Mortality to Age of Mother at Birth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1987-2011 -- 2.4 Total Fertility Rate in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Kenya, by Female Years of Schooling, 1990-2010 -- B2.1.1 Average Years of Schooling in Ethiopia, by Birth Cohort and Reform Coverage, 1960-90 -- B2.1.2 Probability of Giving Birth before 20 Years of Age in Ethiopia, by Birth Cohort and Reform Coverage, 1960-90 -- 2.5 Gap in Male-Female Secondary Enrollment in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latest Year Available -- 2.6 Total Fertility Rate and Average Years of Female Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980 and 2010 -- 2.7 Impact of Family Planning Campaigns on Total Fertility in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda, 1960-2014 -- 2.8 Total Fertility Rate and Female Labor Force Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa and Other Regions, 2011 -- 2.9 Total Fertility Rate and Female Labor Force Participation in Select Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2011 -- 2.10 Conceptual Framework of Proximate Determinants of Fertility -- 2.11 Total Fertility Rate in Sub-Saharan Africa and Select Low- and Middle-Income Countries in Other Regions, by Proximate Determinant, 1996-2011 -- 2.12 Total Fertility Rate in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Proximate Determinant and Rural-Urban Residence, Various Years.

2.13 Change in Total Fertility Rates in Four Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Proximate Determinant and Rural-Urban Residence, 2008-11 -- 2.14 Use of Modern Methods of Contraception in Sub-Saharan Africa and Seven Countries in Other Regions, by Rural-Urban Residence, Various Years -- 2.15 Association between Total Fertility Rate and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Rural-Urban Location, Various Years -- 2.16 Reasons for Not Using Family Planning Services to Limit or Space Births in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-11 -- 3.1 Macro Correlations between Fertility and Schooling in Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990-2010 -- 3.2 Nominal Change in Public Spending per Child and Age Dependency in Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990-2010 -- 3.3 Fertility Transitions and Pathways to the Schooling Dividend -- 3.4 Framework for Achieving a Schooling Dividend via Changes in Age Structure -- 4.1 Growth of GDP and GDP per Capita in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1965-2010 -- 4.2 Decomposition of GDP per Capita in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1960-2010 -- 4.3 Saving and Investment Gap and Source of Capital Inflows in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2010 -- 4.4 FDI as a Share of GDP in Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Resource Status, 1980-2010 -- 4.5 Labor Income and Consumption per Capita in Kenya and Taiwan, China, by Age, 1994 -- 4.6 Age-Specific Consumption in South Africa, 2005 -- 4.7 Ratio of Working-Age Population 16-64 Years of Age to Dependents and Total Fertility Rate in Africa, 2010 -- 4.8 Size of the Youth Cohort 15-24 Years of Age in Select Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1960-2010 -- 4.9 Projected Growth of Youth Population 15-24 Years of Age in Sub-Saharan Africa, China, and India, 1950-2050 -- 4.10 Female Labor Force Participation and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2008-11.

4.11 Female Labor Force Participation in Sub-Saharan African Countries and the Rest of the World, by GDP and Country, 2011.