HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS - IMPACT AND RESPONSE -- HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS - IMPACT AND RESPONSE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE: ASSESSMENT AND PLAN -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- The HAB Problem -- Legislative Background -- U.S. Prediction and Response Efforts: Accomplishments and Opportunities for Advancement -- RDDTT Plan -- 1. LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- 2. ASSESSMENT OF THE HAB PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS -- What Are Harmful Algal Blooms? -- What Causes Harmful Algal Blooms? -- Impacts of HABs -- Human Health -- Exposure through ingestion -- Exposure through contact or inhalation -- Minimizing human impacts -- Ecosystem Impacts -- Economic Impacts -- Sociocultural Impacts -- What is Meant by Prevention, Control, Mitigation, and Infrastructure for HABs? -- Prevention -- Control -- Mitigation -- Infrastructure -- Toxin-related infrastructure -- Reference material infrastructure -- Observing systems -- Regional centers/shared facilities -- Education and training -- Outreach -- 3. PREDICTION AND RESPONSE PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES -- Accomplishments of Federal Programs -- Prevention -- Control -- Mitigation -- Prediction -- Monitoring -- Rapid Response to HAB Events -- Impact Assessments -- Public Health Measures -- Infrastructure -- Cooperation/Coordination -- 4. OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVANCEMENT -- (1) Approaches for Improving Prediction and Response Identified by Federal Agencies -- A. HAB infrastructure development -- B. Research on Prevention, Control and Mitigation Strategies that would enhance current prediction and response efforts -- C. Impact assessments, social science approaches, and public and wildlife health surveillance in HAB response that would enhance current prediction and response efforts.

D. Make Event Response Programs more Effective, Particularly as Numbers and Severity of Events Increase -- (2) Priorities to Improve Prediction and Response Efforts Identified in HARRNESS[4] -- (3) Focus Areas Identified in Response to the Federal Register Notice -- Public Comment Summary -- HAB Detection in the Field Needs More Focus -- Wildlife Monitoring and Illness Surveillance Needs More Attention -- Role of Overfishing Not Recognized Sufficiently -- Role of Nutrients and Nutrient Form Needs More Attention -- Information on Economic Estimates of Prediction and Response Lacking -- Suggestions to Improve Coordination -- Suggestions to Advance Event Response Programs -- More Emphasis on Human Dimensions Needed in Report -- Importance of Integrating Social Sciences into the RDDTT Plan -- Fisheries Regulations in Federal Waters Need Assessment -- 5. RDDTT PLAN -- 5.A. Overview -- 5.B. Process for Developing the RDDTT Plan -- 5.C. Three Strategies for Improving HAB Prediction and Response -- 5.C.1. PCM Development, demonstration, and technology transfer strategies -- 5.C.2. Improvement strategies for event response -- 5.C.3.a. Priorities for improved infrastructure -- 5.C.3.b. Coordinated regional infrastructure network -- 5.D. The Role of Existing HAB Programs for RDDTT -- 5.E. Benefits of Implementing the RDDTT Plan -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX I. FEDERAL PREDICTION AND RESPONSE PROGRAMS -- A. Multi-agency Efforts -- 1. Centers for oceans and human health -- 2. Ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms program -- 3. Small business innovation research program -- B. Federal Agency Efforts -- 1. U.S. department of agriculture -- USDA intramural -- USDA Extramural -- 2.U.S. Department of Commerce -- 2.1. National oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) -- 2.1.1. NOAA extramural.

2.1.1.1. Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology -- 2.1.1.2. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) -- 2.1.1.3. National Ocean Service -- 2.1.1.3.1. Oceans and Human Health Initiative. -- 2.1.1.3.2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research (CSCOR) -- 2.1.1.4. Office of Ocean and Atmospheric Research -- 2.1.2. NOAA Intramural -- 2.1.2.1. Oceans and Human Health Initiative Centers of Excellence -- 2.1.2.2. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service -- 2.1.2.3 National Marine Fisheries Service -- 2.1.2.3.1. NOAA Fisheries Science Centers -- 2.1.2.3.2. Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program -- 2.1.2.4. National Ocean Service -- 2.1.2.4.1. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Center -- 2.1.2.4.1.1. NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment -- 2.1.2.4.1.2. NCCOS Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research/ Hollings Marine Lab -- 2.1.2.4.1.3. NCCOS Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research -- 2.1.2.4.2. National Marine Sanctuaries -- 2.1.2.5. Office of Ocean and Atmospheric Researc -- 2.1.2.5.1. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory -- 2.1.2.5.2. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory -- 2.2. National Institute of Standards and Technology -- 3. U.S. Department of Defense -- 3.1. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases -- 4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 4.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- 4.2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration -- 4.3 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences -- 5. U.S. Department of the Interior -- 5.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service -- 5.2 U.S. Geological Survey -- 6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- 7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- 8. National Science Foundation.

APPENDIX II. OTHER NATIONAL PROGRAMS -- APPENDIX III. STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL PREDICTION AND RESPONSE EFFORTS -- APPENDIX IV. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS RELATED TO HAB PREDICTION AND RESPONSE -- APPENDIX V. FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICE -- APPENDIX VI. RDDTT WORKSHOP STEERING COMMITTEE -- HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS HEARING- ANDERSON TESTIMONY -- HEARING ON ―HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: THE CHALLENGES ON THE NATION'S COASTLINES‖ (JULY 10, 2008) -- Background -- Distribution of HAB Phenomena in the United States -- Economic and Societal Impacts -- Recent Trends -- PROGRESS AND STATUS OF OUR NATIONAL PROGRAM ON HABS -- Research and Management Progress -- Enhanced Understanding of HAB Dynamics -- Improved monitoring and detection of HAB cells and toxins -- Prediction and forecasting of HABs -- Mitigation and control strategies -- PROGRAMMATIC NEEDS -- A National Program on Prevention, Control and Mitigation of HABs -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations -- ANNEX 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - THE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Background -- Process for Developing the RDDTT Program -- Prevention, Control, and Mitigation (PCM) Development, Demonstration, and Technology Transfer -- Event Response -- CORE Infrastructure -- RDDTT Program Implementation -- Benefits of RDDTT Implementation -- REFERENCES -- HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS HEARING- MAGNIEN TESTIMONY -- INTRODUCTION -- HAB PROBLEM -- NOAA HAB Programs -- Accomplishments Since 1998 -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- REDUCING HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND IMPACTS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Background -- Process for Developing the RDDTT Plan -- Prevention, Control and Mitigation (PCM) -- Event Response -- Core Infrastructure -- RDDTT Program Implementation -- Benefits of Implementing the RDDTT Program -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

1.A. The Increasing Magnitude of the U.S. HAB Problem -- 1.B. Addressing the HAB Issue -- 1.C. Guidance from the 2005 U.S. National HAB Plan: HARRNESS[2] -- 1.D. Legislative Background -- 1.E. RDDTT Workshop Process and Workshop Report -- 1.F. Next Step: RDDTT Program -- 1.G. The Role of Existing HAB Programs for RDDTT -- 1.H. The Benefits of Implementing the RDDTT Program -- 2. PREVENTION, CONTROL AND MITIGATION WORKGROUP REPORT -- 2.A. Background -- 2.A.1. Current status -- 2.A.1.a. Prevention -- 2.A.1.b. Control -- 2.A.1.c. Mitigation -- 2.A.1.d. Current Status Summary -- 2.B. The Prevention, Control and Mitigation Component of RDDTT Program -- 2.B.1. Rationale -- 2.B.2. Description of PCM Component of RDDTT Program -- 2.B.3. PCM Priorities -- 2.B.3.a. Prevention -- 2.B.3.b. Control -- 2.B.3.c. Mitigation -- 2.B.4. Initiation of the PCM Component -- 3. EVENT RESPONSE WORKGROUP REPORT EVENTS -- 3.A. Introduction -- 3.B. Current Status of HAB Rapid Event Response -- 3.B.1. Role of State and Local Governments -- 3.B.2. Role of Federal Event Response -- 3.B.2.a. Mandatory Federal Response -- 3.B.2.b. 1999 Federal Event Response Plan for Harmful Algal Blooms -- 3.B.2.c. Federal Programs to Assist State and Local Response -- 3.B.2.d. Possible Models for HAB Response -- 3.C. HAB Event Response-A Regionally Based Federal Program -- 3.C.1. Program Rationale -- 3.C.2. National Event Response Program: Federal Level -- 3.C.2.a. Staffing -- 3.C.2.b. Role of Federal Coordination -- Establish Federal network of services -- Foster guidelines development -- Conduct outreach, networking, education, communication, and training -- Develop and administer two Event Response Funding Programs -- Evaluate and implement improvements to Event Response -- 3.C.3. National Event Response Program: Regional Level -- 3.C.3.a. Staffing Regional Coordination.

3.C.3.b. Role of Regional Coordination.