Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Lead Editors -- Editorial Team -- Table of Contents -- Part 1: Fundamentals -- Section Introduction -- Overview -- Principles of Aluminum Electrolysis -- Bath Properties -- The Solubility of Aluminum in Cryolite Melts -- Viscosity of Molten NaF-AlF3-Al2O3-CaF2 Mixtures: Selecting and Fitting Models in a Complex System -- On the Solubility of Aluminium Carbide in Cryolitic Melts - Influence on Cell Performance -- Liquidus Curves for the Cryolite - AlF3 - CaF2 - Al2O3 System in Aluminum Cell Electrolytes -- The Solubility of Aluminium in Cryolitic Melts -- Dissolved Metals in Cryolitic Melts -- Electrical Conductivity of Cryolitic Melts -- Electrical Conductivity of Molten Cryolite-Based Mixtures Obtained with a Tube-type Cell Made of Pyrolytic Boron Nitride -- Liquidus Temperature and Alumina Solubility in the System Na3-AlF6-AlF3-LiF-CaF2-MgF2 -- Unconventional Bath -- Lithium-Modified Low Ratio Electrolyte Chemistry for Improved Performance in Modern Reduction Cells -- Production of Aluminum with Low Temperature Fluoride Melts -- Alumina Dissolution -- The Structure of Alumina Dissolved in Cryolite Melts -- The Dissolution of Alumina in Cryolite Melts -- Further Studies of Alumina Dissolution Under Conditions Similar to Cell Operation -- Anode Effect Mechanism -- Studies on Anode Effect in Aluminium Electrolysis -- Direct Observation of the Anode Effect by Radiography -- On the Anode Effect in Aluminum Electrolysis -- Energy and Voltage Breakdown -- Anodic Overpotentials in the Electrolysis of Alumina -- Cathode Voltage Loss in Aluminum Smelting Cells -- Interpreting the Components of Cell Voltage -- Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Reduction of Alumina -- Field Study of the Anodic Overvoltage in Prebaked Anode Cells -- Current Efficiency -- Current Efficiency and Alumina Concentration.

Continuous Measurement of Current Efficiency, By Mass Spectrometry, on a 280 KA Prototype Cell -- The Influence of Dissolved Metals in Cryolitic Melts on Hall Cell Current Inefficiency -- The Interaction Between Current Efficiency and Energy Balance in Aluminium Reduction Cells -- A Laboratory Study of Current Efficiency in Cryolitic Melts -- Current Efficiency Studies in a Laboratory Aluminium Cell Using the Oxygen Balance Method -- Current Efficiency in Prebake and Søderberg Cells -- Physical Properties -- Bath/Freeze Heat Transfer Coefficients: Experimental Determination and Industrial Application -- Sludge in Operating Aluminium Smelting Cells -- The Behaviour of Phosphorus Impurities In Aluminium Electrolysis Cells -- Cell Studies -- See-through Hall-Heroult Cell -- Metal Pad Velocity Measurements in Prebake and Soderberg Reduction Cells -- Metal Pad Velocity Measurements by the Iron Rod Method -- On the Bath Flow, Alumina Distribution and Anode Gas Release in Aluminium Cells -- Bubble Noise from Søderberg Pots -- Recommended Reading -- Part 2: Modeling -- Section Introduction -- Thermal Balance -- Simulation of Thermal, Electric and Chemical Behaviour of an Aluminum Cell on a Digital Computer -- Estimation of Frozen Bath Shape in an Aluminum Reduction Cell by Computer Simulation -- A Water-Model Study of the Ledge Heat Transfer in an Aluminium Cell -- Computation of Aluminum Reduction Cell Energy Balance Using ANSYS® Finite Element Models -- Thermo-Electric Design of a 400 kA Cell Using Mathematical Models: A Tutorial -- A Modelling Approach to Estimate Bath and Metal Heat Transfer Coefficients -- MHD and Stability -- Computer Model for Magnetic Fields in Electrolytic Cells Including the Effect of Steel Parts -- The Effect of Some Operating Variables on Flow in Aluminum Reduction Cells -- Magnetics and Metal Pad Instability.

Stability of Aluminum Cells - A New Approach -- Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities in Aluminum Reduction Cells -- Magnetohydrodynamic Effect of Anode Set Pattern on Cell Performance -- Stability of Interfacial Waves in Aluminium Reduction Cells -- Using a Magnetohydrodynamic Model to Analyze Pot Stability in Order to Identify an Abnormal Operating Condition -- Wave Mode Coupling and Instability in the Internal Wave in Aluminum Reduction Cells -- Comparison of Various Methods for Modeling the Metal-Bath Interface -- Bubbles and Bath Flow -- Physical Modelling of Bubble Behaviour and Gas Release from Aluminum Reduction Cell Anodes -- Coupled Current Distribution and Convection Simulator for Electrolysis Cells -- Effect of the Bubble Growth Mechanism on the Spectrum of Voltage Fluctuations in the Reduction Cell -- Modeling the Bubble Driven Flow in the Electrolyte as a Tool for Slotted Anode Design Improvement -- Other -- Planning Smelter Logistics: A Process Modeling Approach -- CFD Modeling of the Fjardaal Smelter Potroom Ventilation -- Heat Transfer Considerations for DC Busbars Sizing -- The Impact of Cell Ventilation on the Top Heat Losses and Fugitive Emissions in an Aluminium Smelting Cell -- Mathematical Modelling of Aluminum Reduction Cell Potshell Deformation -- Recommended Reading -- Part 3: Design -- Section Introduction -- New Cell Design -- Development of Large Prebaked Anode Cells by Alcoa -- Aluminium Pechiney 280 kA Pots -- AP 50: The Pechiney 500 kA Cell -- The Pot Technology Development in China -- Cell Retrofit -- VAW Experience in Smelter Modernization -- From 110 to 175 kA: Retrofit of VAW Rheinwerk Part I: Modernization Concept -- From 110 to 175 kA: Retrofit of VAW Rheinwerk Part II: Construction & Operation -- Productivity Increase at Søral Smelter -- Reduction Cell Technology Development at Dubal Through 20 Years.

Potline Amperage Increase From 160 kA to 175 kA During One Month -- AP35: The Latest High Performance Industrially Available New Cell Technology -- Tomago Aluminium AP22 Project -- Development of D18 Cell Technology at Dubal -- New Cathodes in Aluminum Reduction Cells -- Other -- Dimensioning of Cooling Fins for High-Amperage Reduction Cells -- Satisfying Financial Institutions for Major Capital Projects -- Development and Deployment of Slotted Anode Technology at Alcoa -- Innovative Solutions to Sustainability in Hydro -- Recommended Reading -- Part 4: Operations -- Section Introduction -- Anode Change -- Current Pickup and Temperature Distribution in Newly Set Prebaked Hall-Heroult Anodes -- Thermal Effects by Anode Changing in Prebake Reduction Cells -- Material Issues -- Considerations in the Selection of Alumina for Smelter Operation -- Alumina Transportation to Cells -- Study of Alumina Behavior in Smelting Plant Storage Tanks -- New Aerated Distribution (ADS) and Anti Segregation (ASS) Systems for Alumina -- Beryllium in Pot Room Bath -- Hard Gray Scale -- Aluminum Fluoride - A Users Guide -- Anode Cover and Crust -- Crusting Behavior of Smelter Aluminas -- On Alumina Phase Transformation and Crust Formation in Aluminum Cells -- Heat Transfer, Thermal Conductivity, and Emissivity of Hall-Heroult Top Crust -- Improving Anode Cover Material Quality at Nordural - Quality Tools and Measures -- Operational Improvement -- Appraisal of the Operation of Horizontal-Stud Cells with the Addition of Lithium Flouride -- Technical Results of Improved Soederberg Cells -- Strategies for Decreasing the Unit Energy and Environmental Impact of Hall-Héroult Cells -- Operational and Control Improvements in Reduction Lines at Aluminium Delfzijl -- Power Modulation and Supply Issues -- Modeling Power Modulation.

Smelters in the EU and the Challenge of the Emission Trading Scheme -- Challenges in Power Modulation -- Cell Start-up and Restart -- Hibernating Large Søderberg Cells -- Thermal Bake-Out of Reduction Cell Cathodes - Advantages and Problem Areas -- The Economics of Shutting and Restarting Primary Aluminium Smelting Capacity -- Brazil 2001 Energy Crisis - The Albras Approach -- Potline Startup with Low Anode Effect Frequency -- Cell Preheat/Start-up and Early Operation -- Loss in Cathode Life Resulting from the Shutdown and Restart of Potlines at Aluminum Smelters -- Simultaneous Preheating and Fast Restart of 50 Aluminium Reduction Cells in an Idled Potline -- Recommended Reading -- Part 5: Control -- Section Introduction -- Overview -- Overview of Process Control in Reduction Cells and Potlines -- Alumina Control -- A Demand Feed Strategy for Aluminium Electrolysis Cells -- Design Considerations for Selecting the Number of Point Feeders in Modern Reduction Cells -- Pseudo Resistance Curves for Aluminium Cell Control - Alumina Dissolution and Cell Dynamics -- Aiming For Zero Anode Effects -- Reduction of CF4 Emissions from the Aluminum Smelter in Essen -- The Initiation, Propagation and Termination of Anode Effects in Hall-Héroult Cells -- Heat Balance Control -- Operation of 150 kA Prebaked Furnaces with Automatic Voltage Control -- Bath Chemistry Control System -- The Liquidus Enigma -- Control of Bath Temperature -- Noise Classification in the Aluminum Reduction Process -- Increased Current Efficiency and Reduced Energy Consumption at the TRIMET Smelter Essen Using 9 Box Matrix Control -- A Nonlinear Model Based Control Strategy for the Aluminium Electrolysis Process -- Probes and Sensors -- Bath and Liquidus Temperature Sensor for Molten Salts -- Anode Signal Analysis - The Next Generation in Reduction Cell Control -- Alcoa STARprobeTM.

Recommended Reading.