Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Preface -- Lead Editors -- Editorial Team -- Part 1: Hall-Héroult Cell Carbon Anodes -- Section Introduction -- Raw Materials: Coke -- Calcined Coke from Crude Oil to Customer Silo -- Refinery Feedstocks, Coke Structures and Aluminum Cell Anodes -- Coker Feedstock Characteristics and Calcined Coke Properties -- Quality and Process Performance of Rotary Kilns and Shaft Calciners -- High Vanadium Venezuelan Petroleum Coke, A Rawmaterial for the Aluminum Industry? -- Use of Shot Coke as an Anode Raw Material -- Influence of High Sulphur Cokes on Anode Performance -- Carbon Raw Material Effects on Aluminum Reduction Cell Anodes -- A Comprehensive Determination of Effects of Calcined Petroleum Coke Properties on Aluminum Reduction Cell Anode Properties -- A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Calcination at Various Temperatures on Coke Structure and Properties - Part 2 -- Influence of Coke Real Density on Anode Reactivity Consequence on Anode Baking -- Coke Calcination Levels and Aluminum Anode Quality -- Impact of Coke Calcination Level and Anode Baking Temperature on Anode Properties -- Use of Under-Calcined Coke for the Production of Low Reactivity Anodes -- Anode Filler Coke Porosity Studies -- Desulphurization and Its Effect on Calcined Coke Properties -- Influence of Petroleum Coke Sulphur Content on the Sodium Sensitivity of Carbon Anodes -- A Review of Coke and Anode Desulfurization -- Coke and Anode Desulfurization Studies -- Minimizing Impact of Low Sulfur Coke on Anode Quality -- Evaluating Calcined Coke for Aluminum Smelting by Bulk Density -- Maintaining Consistent Anode Density Using Varying Carbon Raw Materials -- Coke Blending and Fines Circuit Targeting at the Alcoa Deschambault Smelter -- Raw Materials: Pitch -- Worldwide Pitch Quality for Prebaked Anodes.

Coal Tar Pitch - Past, Present, and Future -- Electrode Binder Pyrolysis and Bond-Coke Microstructure -- Binder for the Ideal Anode Carbon -- Binding Characteristics of Coal Tar Pitches for Prebaked Anode Mix - Choice Criteria: LRF Report 830 -- The Influence of Solid Particles in Pitch on the Preparation and Baking of the Carbon Blocks -- Performance of Binder Pitches With Decreased QI-Content in Anode Making: Formation - Nature - Properties and Substitution of Quinoline Insolubles -- Temperature Stability of Søderberg Anode Pitch -- Developing Coal Tar/Petroleum Pitches -- Raw Materials: Spent Carbon -- Investigation of the Quality of Recycled Anode Butts -- Interdependence Between Properties of Anode Butts and Quality of Prebaked Anodes -- Raw Material and Anode Characterization -- New Methods for Testing Raw Materials for Anode Carbon Paste -- Standardization of a Calcined Coke Bulk Density Test -- Reactivity Testing of Anode Carbon Materials -- Characterization of Prebaked Anode Carbon by Mechanical and Thermal Properties -- Green Anode Production -- Aggregate Optimization Using a Y-Blender -- Soderberg Paste. Effect of Fine Fraction Variations -- Finer Fines in Anode Formulation -- Process Adaptations for Finer Dust Formulations: Mixing and Forming -- Effects of Mixing Variables and Mold Temperature on Prebaked Anode Quality -- Improving Anode Quality by Separately Optimising Mixing and Compacting Temperature -- Vibration Forming of Carbon Blocks -- Cooling of Green Anodes After Forming -- Recent Improvement in Paste Plant Design: Industrial Application and Results -- Going Beyond SPC Why We Need Statistical Thinking in Operations Such as Carbon Plants -- Properties and Behaviour of Green Anodes -- Potentialities in the Paste Plant -- Baked Anode Production -- Mathematical Simulation of a Horizontal Flue Ring Furnace -- Flue Gas Management.

Safe Operation of Anode Baking Furnaces -- Anode Baking: The Underestimated Human Aspect -- Specific Energy Consumption in Anode Bake Furnaces -- Evaluation of the Uniformity of Baking in Horizontal and Vertical Flue Ring Furnaces -- Measurement and Control of the Calcining Level in Anode Baking Furnaces -- The Equivalent Temperature Method for Measuring the Baking Level of Anodes -- Baking Parameters and the Resulting Anode Quality -- Anode Desulphurization on Baking -- The Effect of Prebake Anode Baking Temperature on Potroom Performance -- Influence of Baking Temperature and Anode Effects Upon Carbon Sloughing -- Influence on Anode Baking Temperature and Current Density Upon Carbon Sloughing -- Anode Reactivity Influence of the Baking Process -- Modern Anode Baking Furnace Developments -- Strategies for the Revision of Bake Furnaces -- Rodded Anode Production and Anode Design -- Temperature and Voltage Measurements in Hall Cell Anodes -- Studies of Stub to Carbon Voltage -- Factors in the Design of Reduction Cell Anodes -- Anode Cast Iron Thickness Optimization -- Drilling of Stub Holes in Prebaked Anodes -- Problems of the Stub-Anode Connection -- Challenges in Stub Hole Optimisation of Cast Iron Rodded Anodes -- Real Time Temperature Distribution during Sealing Process and Room Temperature Air Gap Measurements of a Hall-Héroult Cell Anode -- Effects of Carbonaceous Rodding Mix Formulation on Steel-Carbon Contact Resistance -- Anode Performance: Reactivity Fundamentals -- Anode Carbon Reactivity -- Studies on Anode Reactivity to Oxidant Gases -- Some Practical Consequences of Analyses of the Carboxy and Airburn Reactions of Anode Carbons -- A Porosimetric Study of Sub-Surface Carboxy Oxidation in Anodes -- Studies of the Impact of Vanadium and Sodium on the Air Reactivity of Coke and Anodes -- Anode Performance: Dusting.

A Review of Factors Affecting Carbon Anode Consumption in the Electrolytic Production of Aluminum -- Reflections on the Carbon Consumption of Prebaked Anodes -- Anode Dusting in Hall-Heroult Cells -- The Influence of Low Current Densities on Anode Performance -- Dust Generation and Accumulation for Changing Anode Quality and Cell Parameters -- Anode Dusting from a Potroom Perspective at Nordural and Correlation with Anode Properties -- The Reduction in Anode Airburn with Protective Covers -- Reactivity and Electrolytic Consumption of Anode Carbon with Various Additives -- Bath Impregnation of Carbon Anodes -- Anode Performance: Thermal Shock -- Effects of Coke and Formulation Variables on Cracking of Bench Scale Prebaked Anode Specimens -- Thermal Shock in Anodes for the Electrolytic Production of Aluminium -- Operating Parameters Affecting Thermal Shock Cracking of Anodes in the Valco Smelter -- Thermal Shock of Anodes - A Solved Problem? -- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Aspects of Anode Cracking -- An Approach for a Complete Evaluation of Resistance to Thermal Shock (Part 1): Applying to the Case of Anodes and Cathodes -- Finite Element Modelling of Thermal Stress in Anodes -- Recommended Reading -- Part 2: Hall-Héroult Cell Cathodes -- Section Introduction -- Cell Lining: Cathodes -- ISO Standards for Testing of Cathode Materials -- Laboratory Testing of Carbon Cathode Materials at Operational Temperatures -- Structural Changes in Carbon by Heat Treatment -- Low Electrical Resistivity and High Thermal Conductivity Carbon Products: The Solution for Cell Lining -- Aluminium Pechiney Experience with Graphitized Cathode Blocks -- Some Experiments in Cathode Carbon -- How to Improve the Pig Iron Sealing of Metallic Bars in Cathode Carbon Blocks -- Stress Analysis of Cathode Bottom Blocks -- Experimental Comparison of Cathode Rodding Practices.

Cell Lining: Ramming Paste -- Compaction of Room Temperature Ramming Paste -- Densification of Ramming Paste in Cathodes -- Investigation into the Expansion/Contraction Behaviour of Cold Ramming Pastes during Baking Using a Horizontal Dilatometer Method -- Ramming Paste Related Failures in Cathode Linings -- Cell Lining: Refractories -- Corrosion and Behaviour of Fireclay Bricks of Varying Chemical Composition Used in the Bottom Lining of Reduction Cells -- Experiences with Dry Barrier Powder Materials in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells -- Cathode Refractory Materials for Aluminium Reduction Cells -- Evaluation of Silicon Carbide Bricks -- Quality Evaluation of Nitride Bonded Silicon Carbide Sidelining Materials -- SiC in Electrolysis Pots: An Update -- Thermal Insulation Materials for Reduction Cell Cathodes -- Cathode Performance: Failure Modes -- Use of Cell Autopsy to Diagnose Potlining Problems -- Processes Occurring in the Carbon Lining of an Aluminum Reduction Cell -- A Study of Some Aspects of the Influence of Cell Operation on Cathode Life -- Potlining Failure Modes -- Design of Highly Reliable Pot Linings -- Early Failure Mechanisms in Aluminium Cell Cathodes -- A Comparative Examination of Ageing of Cathodes: Amorphous Versus Graphitic Type -- Property Changes of Cathode Lining Materials during Cell Operation -- Cathode Performance: Chemical Reactions -- Reaction Between Carbon Lining and Hall Bath -- Penetration of Sodium and Bath Constituents into Cathode Carbon Materials Used in Industrial Cells -- Chemical Resistance of Cathode Carbon Materials during Electrolysis -- The Effect of Current Density on Cathode Expansion during Start-Up -- Reactions in the Bottom Lining of Aluminium Reduction Cells -- Chemical Degradation Map for Sodium Attack in Refractory Linings -- Cathode Performance: Erosion.

Physical and Chemical Wear of Carbon Cathode Materials.