Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1. Taxonomic Issues -- Introduction -- Interpreting variation in aphids -- The taxonomy of pest aphids - what's in a name? -- The 14 aphid species of most agricultural importance -- Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) -- Aphis craccivora (cowpea aphid) -- Aphis fabae (black bean aphid) -- Aphis gossypii (cotton or melon aphid) -- Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid or spiraea aphid) -- Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid) -- Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (mustard aphid) -- Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid) -- Myzus persicae (peach-potato aphid) -- Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) -- Rhopalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat aphid) -- Schizaphis graminum (greenbug) -- Sitobion avenae (grain aphid) -- Therioaphis trifolii (spotted alfalfa and yellow clover aphids) -- Conclusions -- References -- 2. Population Genetic Issues: The Unfolding Story Using Molecular Markers -- Introduction -- Application of molecular markers in aphidology -- Detection of genetic variation -- Molecular phylogenetics and karyotypes -- Clonal studies -- Life cycle -- Adaptation to host plants -- Insecticide resistance -- Pathogenicity -- Dispersal and geographic range -- Geographic colonization -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3. Life Cycles and Polymorphism -- Introduction -- Types of life cycle -- Host-alternating aphids -- Non-host-alternating aphids -- Two-year life cycles -- Holocyclic and anholocyclic life cycles -- Factors determining the production of different morphs -- Determination of sexual morphs -- Determination of asexual winged morphs -- Diapausing morphs -- Colour polymorphism -- The importance of different morphs for crop protection -- Pest status -- Virus transmission -- Forecasting -- The importance of polymorphism in determining pest status -- Conclusions -- References.

4. Host-plant Selection and Feeding -- Introduction -- Orientation and host-plant finding -- Visual responses -- Olfactory responses -- Plant contact after landing -- Plant penetration and feeding -- Pathway phase -- Phloem phase -- Phloem feeding -- Xylem drinking -- Leaving a plant -- Plant responses and predisposition to aphid feeding -- Aphids and host plants - a challenging research field -- Conclusions -- References -- 5. Nutrition and Symbiosis -- Introduction -- Microbial symbiosis in aphids -- Diversity of microorganisms -- Location of symbiotic microorganisms -- Acquisition of symbiotic microorganisms -- Significance of symbiotic microorganisms to aphids -- Carbon nutrition -- Sugars -- Lipids -- Nitrogen nutrition -- Amino acids and their sources -- The fate of amino acids in aphids -- Other dietary sources of nitrogen -- Minerals and micronutrients -- Artificial diet -- History of artificial diets for aphids -- Recipe for the diet and practical procedures -- Relation between the diet and plant phloem sap -- Aphid performance on the diet -- How useful is the diet for studies on aphid nutrition? -- Conclusions and future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6. Growth and Development -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Uses of aphid growth and developmental rates -- Measurement of aphid growth and development rates -- Growth rates -- Developmental rates -- The intrinsic rate of increase, Γ[sub(m)] -- Experimental techniques -- Aphid cages -- Disadvantages of aphid cages -- Factors affecting aphid growth and development -- Factors affecting the reliability of size x fecundity relationships -- Difference between nymphs destined to be apterous and alate -- Temperature -- Population-scale factors -- Conclusions -- References -- 7. Aphid Movement: Process and Consequences -- Introduction -- Pest status -- The nature of aphid movement.

Conceptual framework for aphid movement -- Modes of transport -- Scales of displacement -- Aphid life stages, morphs and active modes of transport -- The migratory process -- Events leading to take-off -- Take-off and ascent -- Horizontal translocation -- Switching off the migratory urge -- Appetitive dispersal -- Stimuli that cause aphids to disperse in an appetitive manner -- Response to multiple perturbations -- Landing and alighting cues -- Incorporating aphid movement into Pest Management strategies -- Components of IPM programmes -- Categories of aphids as agricultural pests -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Predators, Parasitoids and Pathogens -- Introduction -- Predators -- Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) -- Syrphidae (hover flies) -- Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (lacewings) -- Cecidomyiidae (predatory midges) -- Other arthropod predators -- Parasitoids -- General biology -- Foraging behaviour and host finding -- Patterns of resource use -- Aphid pathogens -- Biology of entomophthoralean fungi -- Epizootiology of entomophthoralean fungi -- Intraguild interactions, mutualistic ants and aphid symbionts -- Intraguild predation and competition -- The effects of mutualistic interactions with ants on predation and parasitism -- Aphid symbionts and resistance to parasitism -- Conclusions -- References -- 9. Chemical Ecology -- Introduction -- Methods -- Interactions between aphids -- Sex pheromones -- Alarm pheromones -- Social interactions: aggregation, density regulation and avoidance -- Interaction with plants -- Host-plant semiochemicals -- Non-host-plant semiochemicals -- Aphid effects on the plant -- Interaction with natural enemies -- Responses of natural enemies to aphid-produced chemicals -- Responses of natural enemies to aphid-induced plant signals -- Conclusions -- References -- 10. Insecticide Resistance.

Introduction -- Diagnosis of resistance in aphids -- Relevance of bioassays to field control -- Biochemistry and molecular basis of resistance -- Resistance mechanisms in Myzus persicae (peach-potato aphid) -- Resistance mechanisms in other aphid species -- Neonicotinoid resistance -- Factors affecting the dynamics of insecticide resistance in the field -- Selection pressures -- Ecological factors -- Pleiotropic effects of resistance -- Aphids in which resistance poses a minor or potential threat -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11. Coping with Stress -- Introduction -- Plant factors -- Nutritional stress -- Non-nutritional plant factors -- How aphids cope with nutritional stress -- Temperature stresses -- Effects of temperature on development, reproduction and movement -- Cold Stress -- Coping with cold -- Heat stress -- A molecular approach to understanding aphid responses to stress -- Conclusions -- References -- 12. Population Dynamics -- Introduction -- Biological background -- Aphid biology relevant to population dynamics -- Biology of natural enemies relevant to aphid population dynamics -- Theory of aphid population dynamics -- Features of aphid population dynamics that should be incorporated in models -- Regression model -- Regression model with stochasticity -- Logistic model with variable 'carrying capacity' -- Cumulative density model -- Logistic model with variable carrying capacity and growth rate affected by cumulative density -- Comparison of the different population models -- Natural enemies and aphid abundance -- Practical problems -- Field estimates of abundance and population growth rate -- Trap estimates of abundance -- Consequences for pest management -- Conclusions -- References -- 13. Feeding Injury -- Introduction -- Injury classification -- Asymptomatic injury -- Symptomatic injury.

Aetiological agents in Aphidoidea saliva -- The biochemical and physiological bases for symptoms of injury -- Basis of asymptomatic injury -- Basis of symptomatic injury -- Ecological modulation of aphid injury -- Abiotic factors -- Biotic factors -- Ramifications of aphid injury research for crop protection -- Conclusions on research frontiers in the understanding of injury from aphid feeding -- References -- 14. Transmission of Plant Viruses -- Introduction -- Virus-vector interactions -- Aphids as effective virus vectors -- Host selection related to virus acquisition and inoculation -- Transmission modes of plant viruses by aphids -- Non-persistent transmission -- Semi-persistent transmission -- Persistent transmission -- Epidemiology -- Biological factors -- Cultural practices -- Weather -- Disease forecasting -- Disease management strategies -- Use of genotypes resistant to the virus and/or to the aphid vectors -- Elimination of virus sources -- Prevention or reduction of virus spread -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15. Chemical Control -- Introduction -- Choice of aphicide -- Modes of action -- Organophosphates and carbamates -- Pyrethroids -- Neonicotinoids -- Pymetrozine -- Diafenthiuron -- Triazamate -- Adjuvants and synergists -- Application -- Thresholds for control -- Wheat and barley -- Pea -- Field bean -- Brassicas -- Cotton -- Sugar beet -- Top fruit -- Efficacy -- Poaceae -- Soft Fruit -- Top fruit -- Solanaceae -- Chenopodiaceae -- Leguminosae -- Brassicas -- Lettuce -- Other vegetables -- Malvaceae -- Others -- Conclusions -- References -- 16. Cultural Control -- Introduction -- Overview -- Mulches -- Row covers -- Particle films -- Sowing and planting date -- Plant density -- Crop-plant pruning -- Irrigation and fertilizer management -- Intercropping, living mulches and cover crops -- Trap crops.

Provision of resources for natural enemies.