Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 The Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Anatomy of GI tract -- 1.3 Stomach and intestinal bulb -- 1.4 Pyloric caeca -- 1.5 Intestine -- 1.6 Endogenous inputs of digestive secreta -- 1.7 Luminal pH -- 1.8 Passage rate and residence time -- 1.9 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Immune Defences of Teleost Fish -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Innate immunity -- 2.3 Antigen-specific adaptive immunity -- 2.3.1 T cells: molecular and functional characterization -- 2.3.2 B cells, immunoglobulins and humoral immunity -- 2.4 Cytokines drive immune responsiveness -- 2.5 Immune tissues -- 2.5.1 The thymus -- 2.5.2 The head kidney and spleen -- 2.5.3 The skin-associated lymphoid tissue -- 2.5.4 The gill-associated lymphoid tissue -- 2.5.5 The gut-associated lymphoid tissue -- 2.6 Mucosal immunity -- 2.7 Common pathogens infecting teleosts: what immune responses are required? -- 2.8 Future considerations -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Gastrointestinal Pathogenesis in Aquatic Animals -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Vibrio spp. -- 3.2.1 Vibrio anguillarum -- 3.2.2 Vibrio salmonicida -- 3.2.3 Vibrio vulnificus -- 3.2.4 Vibrio ichthyoenteri -- 3.2.5 Vibrio harveyi (Vibrio carchariae) -- 3.3 Aeromonas spp. -- 3.3.1 Aeromonas salmonicida -- 3.3.2 Aeromonas hydrophila -- 3.4 Yersinia ruckeri -- 3.5 Edwardsiella spp. -- 3.5.1 Edwardsiella ictaluri -- 3.5.2 Edwardsiella tarda -- 3.6 Piscirickettsia salmonis -- 3.7 Pseudomonas anguilliseptica -- 3.8 Photobacterium damsela subsp. Piscicida (Pasteurella Piscicida) -- 3.9 Streptococcosis -- 3.10 'Candidatus arthromitus' -- 3.11 Mycobacterium spp. -- 3.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 The Gut Microbiota of Fish -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Current knowledge of the gut microbiota in fish.

4.1.2 Viruses -- 4.1.3 Yeast -- 4.2 The importance of the microbiota -- 4.3 Composition of the microbiota in early life stages -- 4.4 Factors that influence microbiota composition -- 4.4.1 Host factors -- 4.4.2 Diet -- 4.4.3 Environmental factors -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Methodological Approaches Used to Assess Fish Gastrointestinal Communities -- 5.1 Culture-dependent approaches -- 5.2 Molecular techniques -- 5.2.1 PCR based methods -- 5.2.2 Electrophoresis based methods -- 5.2.3 Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) -- 5.2.4 Clone libraries -- 5.2.5 Next-generation sequencing (NGS) -- 5.3 Fluorescence based methods -- 5.4 Electron microscopy -- 5.5 Microbial activity and functionality -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fish and Crustaceans -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Lactic acid bacteria -- 6.3 Salmonidae -- 6.3.1 Carnobacteria -- 6.3.2 Lactobacillus -- 6.3.3 Lactococcus -- 6.3.4 Leuconostoc -- 6.3.5 Streptococcus -- 6.3.6 Enterococcus -- 6.3.7 Vagococcus -- 6.3.8 Weissella -- 6.3.9 Bifidobacterium -- 6.4 Gadidae -- 6.5 Clupeidae -- 6.6 Anarhichadidae -- 6.7 Acipenseridae -- 6.8 Percidae and sciaenidae -- 6.9 Moronidae -- 6.10 Sparidae -- 6.11 Pleuronectiformes -- 6.12 Cyprinidae -- 6.12.1 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) -- 6.12.2 Carassius spp. -- 6.12.3 Other cyprinids -- 6.13 Channidae -- 6.14 Siluriformes -- 6.15 Cichlidae -- 6.16 Serranidae -- 6.17 Rachycentridae -- 6.18 Mugilidae -- 6.19 Coastal Fish -- 6.20 Shellfish -- 6.21 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Probiotics and Prebiotics: Concepts, Definitions and History -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The probiotic concept and history -- 7.2.1 Etymology of 'probiotic' and its definitions -- 7.2.2 Probiotic selection criteria -- 7.3 The prebiotic concept and definition.

7.3.1 Prebiotics: biochemistry and host benefits -- 7.3.2 Trans-galactooligosaccharides (TOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) -- 7.3.3 Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) -- 7.3.4 Inulin, oligofructose and fructooligosaccharides -- 7.4 Synbiotics -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Probiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota of Fish -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bacillus spp. -- 8.3 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) -- 8.3.1 Carnobacterium spp. -- 8.3.2 Lactobacillus spp. -- 8.3.3 Enterococcus spp. -- 8.3.4 Lactococcus spp. -- 8.3.5 Leuconostoc spp. -- 8.3.6 Pediococcus spp. -- 8.4 Other probionts -- 8.5 Probiotic colonization? -- 8.6 Conclusion and future perspectives -- 8.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 Probiotic Applications in Cold Water Fish Species -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Salmonidae -- 9.2.1 Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) -- 9.2.2 Brown/sea trout (Salmo trutta) -- 9.2.3 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) -- 9.3 Gadidae -- 9.3.1 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) -- 9.3.2 Atlantic pollack (Pollachius pollachius) -- 9.3.3 Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) -- 9.4 Pleuronectiformes -- 9.4.1 Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) -- 9.4.2 Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus/Psetta maxima) -- 9.5 Percidae -- 9.5.1 European perch (Perca fluviatilis) -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Probiotic Applications in Temperate and Warm Water Fish Species -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) -- 10.2.1 Growth and stress tolerance -- 10.2.2 Effects of probiotics on European sea bass immune system -- 10.3 Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) -- 10.3.1 Survival, growth and stress tolerance -- 10.3.2 Effects on the sea bream immune system -- 10.4 Probiotic applications in sole spp. -- 10.4.1 Effects on growth -- 10.4.2 Effects on survival and the immune system -- 10.5 Groupers.

10.5.1 Effects of probiotics on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) -- 10.5.2 Effects of probiotic on kelp grouper (Epinephelus bruneus) -- 10.5.3 Effects of probiotic on leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) -- 10.6 Tilapia -- 10.6.1 Effects of probiotics on tilapia growth performance -- 10.6.2 Effects of probiotics on tilapia immunity and disease resistance -- 10.7 Carps -- 10.7.1 Effects of probiotics on carp growth -- 10.7.2 Carp immunity and disease resistance -- 10.8 Zebrafish (danio rerio) -- 10.8.1 Effects of probiotic on zebrafish reproduction, development and survival -- 10.8.2 Zebrafish immunity and disease resistance studies -- 10.9 Catfishes -- 10.10 General conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Probiotic Applications in Crustaceans -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Main microorganisms evaluated and used as probiotics in crustacean aquaculture -- 11.2.1 Bacillus spp. -- 11.2.2 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) -- 11.2.3 Other Gram-positive bacteria -- 11.2.4 Gram-negative bacteria -- 11.2.5 Yeast -- 11.3 Probiotic modes of action -- 11.3.1 Modulation of the gut microbiota -- 11.3.2 Production of inhibitory substances -- 11.3.3 Interference with quorum sensing -- 11.3.4 Competition for nutrients and adhesion sites -- 11.3.5 Modulation of the host immune response -- 11.3.6 Direct or indirect nutritional effects -- 11.4 Related benefits in crustacean aquaculture -- 11.4.1 Main benefits reported in larvae and early post larvae stage -- 11.4.2 Main benefits in juveniles and sub-adults -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Can Probiotics Affect Reproductive Processes of Aquatic Animals? -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The fish reproductive system -- 12.3 Broodstock reproductive dysfunctions -- 12.4 Reproduction and metabolism.

12.5 The effects of probiotic applications on fish reproduction -- 12.5.1 Effect of probiotics on the reproduction of poeciliid livebearing ornamental fish species -- 12.5.2 The effect of probiotics on zebrafish reproduction -- 12.5.3 Probiotic effects on killifish reproduction -- 12.6 Concluding remarks -- 12.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Issues with Industrial Probiotic Scale-up -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Scaling-up guidelines -- 13.2.1 First step: demonstration of safety -- 13.2.2 Evaluation of the efficacy of the probiotic at the farm level -- 13.2.3 Producing quality probiotics is both an art and a science -- 13.3 Mode of administration -- 13.4 Probiotic registration -- References -- Chapter 14 Prebiotics in Finfish: An Update -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Salmonidae -- 14.2.1 Atlantic salmon -- 14.2.2 Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) -- 14.2.3 Rainbow trout -- 14.3 Gadoids -- 14.4 Acipenseridae -- 14.4.1 Beluga -- 14.4.2 Siberian sturgeon -- 14.5 Cyprinidae -- 14.5.1 Common carp -- 14.5.2 Crucian carp -- 14.5.3 Gibel carp -- 14.5.4 Indian carp -- 14.5.5 Koi carp -- 14.5.6 Goldfish -- 14.5.7 Golden shiner -- 14.5.8 Other Cyprinidae -- 14.6 Siluriformes -- 14.7 Moronidae -- 14.7.1 European sea bass -- 14.7.2 Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) -- 14.8 Sparidae -- 14.8.1 Gilthead sea bream -- 14.8.2 White sea bream -- 14.9 Cichlidae -- 14.10 Sciaenidae -- 14.11 Other fish species -- 14.12 Synbiotics -- 14.13 Concluding remarks and further perspectives -- References -- Chapter 15 Prebiotic Applications in Shellfish -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Use of prebiotics in shellfish aquaculture -- 15.2.1 Mannanoligosaccharides -- 15.2.2 Fructooligosaccharides -- 15.2.3 Isomaltooligosaccharides -- 15.2.4 Xylooligosaccharides -- 15.2.5 Inulins -- 15.2.6 Other prebiotics.

15.3 Prebiotic benefits.