Working Papers -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Panel Reports -- Radio Astronomy -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES -- Millimeter and Sub-Millimeter Wavelength Astronomy -- Meter to Hectometer Wavelength Astronomy -- The Sun, Stars, Pulsars, Interstellar Masers, and Extrasolar Planets -- The Planets, Asteroids, and Comets -- Radio Galaxies, Quasars, and Cosmology -- Challenges For Radio Astronomy in the 1990's -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW FACILITIES -- The Millimeter Array -- Medium Scale New Instruments: -- Small-Scale Projects -- CONTINUING ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS ALREADY UNDERWAY -- Facility Operation and Maintenance, Upgrading of Telescopes and Instrumentation -- Projects Already Underway: -- Long Range Programs and Technology Developments -- SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- International Opportunities -- Balance Between the National Observatories and University Facilities: -- Agency Funding and Management Policies: -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Report of the Infrared Panel -- I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- II. PERSPECTIVE -- III. SCIENCE OPPORTUNITIES -- A. the Origin of Galaxies -- B. the Origin of Planets, Planetary Systems and Stars -- IV. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW -- V. PROJECT RECOMMENDATIONS -- A. Space Projects -- Sirtf Science Highlights -- Sofia Science Highlights -- Smmm Science Highlights -- B. Ground-Based Projects -- IRO Science Highlights -- C. Performance Comparison -- VI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- VII. INFRASTRUCTURE -- Optical/IR from Ground -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Large Scale Programs -- Medium Scale Programs -- Small Scale Programs -- Infrastructure Support -- OPTICAL/INFRARED ASTRONOMY IN THE 1990S -- Research Environment -- Science Opportunities -- The Origin of Structure in the Universe -- The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies -- The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems.

Technical Developments of the 1980s and Opportunities for the 1990s -- Advances in Telescope Technology -- Advances in Detector Technology -- Auxiliary Instruments -- Pioneering a New Frontier: High Angular Resolution O/IR Astronomy -- Adaptive Optics -- Ground-Based Optical/Infrared Interferometry -- Ground-Based Optical/Infrared Astronomy Outside the US -- RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PANEL: LARGE SCALE PROGRAMS -- Priority 1: A Coordinated Program For Large O/IR Telescopes -- Background -- New Science Enabled by Greater Collecting Area -- New Science Enabled by Diffraction-Limited Imaging -- Expected Performance Gains -- Recommended Program for the 1990s -- RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PANEL: MEDIUM SCALE PROGRAMS -- Priority 1: A Coordinated Program for High Angular Resolution -- Background -- New Science Enabled by High Angular Resolution Observations -- Recommended Program for the 1990s -- Priority 2: A New Generation of 4-M Class Telescopes -- Background -- Recommended Program for the 1990s -- RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PANEL: SMALL SCALE PROGRAMS -- Priority 1: Near-IR And Optical All-Sky Surveys -- A Near-Infrared All Sky Survey -- All-Sky Optical Survey -- Priority 2: A National Astrometric Facility -- RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PANEL: INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES -- Develop, Purchase and Distribute Optical CCDs and Infrared Arrays -- Optical CCDs -- Infrared Arrays: The Future for the 1-5 µM Region -- Infrared Arrays: The Future for Mid-Infrared Arrays -- A Program to Support Large Optics Technology -- Fabrication and Polishing of Large Mirrors -- Fabrication and Polishing of Specialized Optics -- Coatings -- Toward a New Generation of Large Filled Aperture Telescopes -- A Program to Archive and Disseminate Astronomical Databases -- A Program for Training New Instrumentalists -- UV-Optical from Space -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Structure of the Panel Report.

I. THE SCIENCE PROGRAM. -- Planetary Systems. -- Star formation and origins of planetary systems. -- Structure and Evolution of the Interstellar medium. -- Stellar Astrophysics. -- Stellar Populations. -- The galactic and extragalactic distance scale. -- Nature of galaxy nuclei, AGNs, and QSOs. -- Formation and evolution of galaxies at high redshifts. -- Cosmology. -- II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCIENCE PROGRAM. -- III. THE OBSERVATORY-CLASS MISSIONS. -- HST. -- Third Generation Instruments for HST. -- LST - the 6 m Successor to HST. -- Next-Generation 16 m Telescope. -- IV. MODERATE AND SMALL MISSIONS. -- Delta-class Explorers. -- Imaging Astrometric Interferometer. -- Small Explorers. -- SMEX U V Survey. -- Optics Development and Demonstration. -- Supporting Ground-based Capabilities. -- V. PREREQUISITES - THE CURRENT SCIENCE PROGRAM. -- Lyman-FUSE. -- HST Optimization: Operations, WF/PC II, STIS and NICMOS. -- Recovery of HST's Imaging Capability. -- HST Operations. -- STIS. -- NICMOS. -- The Near-Term Science Program. -- EUVE. -- IUE. -- ASTRO. -- Small and Sub-orbital missions. -- Data analysis, modeling and theory funding -- Archives. -- VI. TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE NEXT CENTURY. -- VII. LUNAR-BASED TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS. -- Interferometry -- KEY POINTS ON INTERFEROMETRY -- Introduction -- Overview of the Programs -- Infrared and Optical Interferometry -- Adaptive Compensation for the Atmosphere -- Gravitational Wave Observatories -- Summary of Recommendations -- Infrared and Optical Interferometry -- A Ground-Based Program -- A Space Program -- Compensating for the Atmosphere with Adaptive Optics -- A Program for Development and Implementation of Adaptive Optics -- Gravitational Waves -- High Frequency Gravitational Wave Sources (LIGO) -- Low Frequency Gravitational Wave Sources (LAGOS) -- A Gravitational Wave Observatory Program.

Laser Gravitational Wave Observatory in Space -- Technology Development During the 1990's -- Prospects for International Collaboration -- Related Issues -- References -- Appendix - Psswg Statement for the Interferometry Panel -- FIGURE CREDITS -- High Energy from Space -- INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS FOR HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS -- Stellar Activity -- The Interstellar Medium in Our Own and Other Galaxies -- Supernovae and Endpoints of Stellar Evolution -- Nucleosynthesis -- Relativistic Plasmas and Matter Under Extreme Conditions -- Nature of γ-Bursts -- Identification of Black Holes -- Active Nuclei, Including Our Own -- Accretion Physics -- Large-Scale Structure -- Intracluster Medium -- Nature of Dark Matter -- The X-and γ-ray Background -- THE EXISTING EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM -- Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) -- Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) -- XTE -- HETE -- American Participation in Foreign Missions -- Attached Shuttle and Space Station Freedom Payloads -- MAJOR MISSIONS FOR THE 1990S -- A NEW PROGRAM OF MODERATE MISSIONS -- Highest Priority -- Additional Mission Concepts -- NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALL MISSIONS -- TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES -- X-ray Astronomy -- γ-ray Astronomy -- POLICY ISSUES -- Changes in NASA Management Style -- Use of Expendable Launch Vehicles Versus Manned Missions -- Barriers to Mixing Ground-Based/Space-Based Funding -- Lunar Base -- Mission Operations and Data Analysis Funding -- Line Item for International Instrument Opportunities -- Smaller NASA Programs -- CONCLUSION -- Particle Astrophysics -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- The emergence of a new scientific field -- Cosmology and Particle Physics -- Particle Physics and the Early Universe -- Dark Matter -- Other Relics -- Stellar Physics and Particles -- Solar neutrinos -- Supernovae.

Unconventional Particle Physics and Stellar Physics -- High Energy Gamma Ray and Neutrino Astronomy -- High Energy Neutrinos -- Cosmic Rays -- Cosmic Rays from Space -- Cosmic Rays - Ground Observations -- Highest Scientific Priorities -- Implementation of the Current Program -- Particles and Cosmology -- Particles and Stellar Physics -- High Energy Gamma and Neutrino Astrophysics -- Cosmic Rays -- New Initiatives in the Coming Decade -- Immediate recommendations -- Future Initiatives -- Longer Term -- Essential Technological Developments -- Cryogenic Detectors of Particles. -- New Solar Neutrino Techniques -- New Extensive Air Shower Detectors -- An Active Balloon Program -- Critical Institutional Issues -- The Funding of Particle Astrophysics -- Recommended Funding Mechanisms -- Recommended Facilities -- International Collaborations -- Education and Technology -- Theory and Laboratory Astrophysics -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I - INTRODUCTION -- II - SCIENCE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE 90'S -- THEORY IN THE 90'S -- The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe -- Galaxies -- Star Formation and the Interstellar Medium -- Stars -- High-Energy Astrophysics -- The Solar System -- LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS IN THE 90'S -- Molecular, Atomic and Optical Physics -- Nuclear Physics -- Particle Physics -- III - FUNDING RECOMMENDATIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS BY AGENCY: THEORY -- NSF -- NASA -- DOE -- RECOMMENDATIONS BY AGENCY: LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS -- NSF -- NASA -- DOE -- NIST -- All agencies -- IV. BASIS - THE SUCCESSES OF THE 80'S -- THEORY IN THE 80'S -- The Solar System -- The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation -- Stars -- High Energy Astrophysics -- Galaxies and Cosmology -- LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS IN THE 80'S -- Atomic and Molecular Physics -- Plasma Physics -- Nuclear and Particle Physics -- V - POLICY ISSUES -- AGENCY RESPONSES TO FIELD COMMITTEE REPORT.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE 90'S: THEORY.