From First Light to Reionization -- Preface -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 First Light and Reionization -- 1.2 The Cosmological Framework -- 1.3 Organization of this Book -- 1.4 Key Observations in this Field -- Part 1 Theory -- 2 The First Stars -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.1.1 First Light -- 2.1.2 Forming the First Stars -- 2.1.3 The Legacy of the First Stars -- 2.2 Before the First Stars -- 2.2.1 Recombination and Residual Ionization Fraction -- 2.2.2 The Formation of Molecular Hydrogen -- 2.2.3 Cooling Functions -- 2.3 Forming the First Stars -- 2.3.1 Perturbations in the Early Universe -- 2.3.2 Collapse of Perturbations in the Early Universe -- 2.3.3 Cooling and the Jeans Instability -- 2.3.4 Properties of the First Stars -- 2.3.5 Remnants and Signatures of a Population III -- 2.4 Primordial HII Regions -- 2.5 What if Dark Matter is not Cold? -- 2.6 Hints for Further Study -- 3 The First Star Clusters and Galaxies -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Subsequent Generations of Stars -- 3.2.1 Second-Generation Population III Stars -- 3.2.2 Population III Stars Forming in Self-Shielding Halos -- 3.2.3 Late Population III Star Formation by Atomic-Hydrogen Cooling in Massive Halos -- 3.2.4 Termination of the First Stars Phase -- 3.3 Containing Gas in the Halos of Population III Stars -- 3.3.1 Ionization Heating and Gas Temperature -- 3.3.2 The Escape of Gas Heated by Ionization -- 3.3.3 The Escape of Gas Following a Supernova Explosion -- 3.3.4 Population II.5 -- 3.4 The First Star Clusters -- 3.4.1 Clusters of Population III Stars and of Metal-Poor Stars -- 3.4.2 The Origin of Globular Clusters -- 3.5 The First Galaxies -- 3.6 The First Active Galactic Nuclei -- 3.6.1 Population III Black Holes -- 3.6.2 Black-Hole Mergers -- 3.6.3 The Highest-Redshift QSOs -- 3.6.4 Direct Collapse to Black Holes -- 3.7 Low-Metallicity HII Regions.

3.8 Numerical Techniques and Their Limitations -- 3.8.1 Collisionless Dynamics -- 3.8.2 Collisionless Dynamics: Particle-Mesh Codes -- 3.8.3 Collisionless Dynamics: Treecodes -- 3.8.4 Gas Dynamics -- 3.8.5 Gas Dynamics: Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics -- 3.8.6 Gas Dynamics: Eulerian Codes -- 3.8.7 Improving Resolution Through Mesh Refinement -- 3.8.8 Radiative Transfer -- 3.9 Hints for Further Study -- 4 Cosmic Reionization -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 The Properties of the Sources of Reionization -- 4.2.1 The Surface Brightness of Reionization Sources -- 4.2.2 Reionization in a Hydrogen-Only IGM -- 4.2.3 Reionization in a Hydrogen-Helium IGM -- 4.2.4 Results for a Homogeneous IGM -- 4.2.5 Mean Metallicity at Reionization -- 4.3 Adding Realism to the Calculations -- 4.3.1 Escape of Ionizing Photons -- 4.3.2 Clumpy IGM -- 4.3.3 Two-Parameter Models -- 4.4 Luminosity Function of Ionizing Sources -- 4.4.1 Detecting Lyman α from Ionizing Sources -- 4.5 Reionization by Population III Stars -- 4.6 How Is the Intergalactic Medium Enriched? -- 4.7 Reheating of the Intergalactic Medium -- 4.8 Keeping the Intergalactic Medium Ionized -- 4.9 Hints for Further Study -- Part 2 Observational Techniques and their Results -- 5 Studying the Epoch of Reionization of Hydrogen -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Gunn-Peterson Troughs in Redshift 6 QSOs -- 5.2.1 A Simple Gunn-Peterson Test -- 5.2.2 The Gunn-Peterson Trough -- 5.2.3 Lyman Series Lines -- 5.2.4 Metal Lines -- 5.2.5 HII Region Size Test -- 5.2.6 Dark Gaps -- 5.2.7 An Assessment of the Indication from QSOs Spectra -- 5.3 Lyman α Sources as Diagnostics of Reionization -- 5.3.1 Effect of a Finite Lyman α Line Width -- 5.3.2 Intrinsic Properties of Lyman α Emitters -- 5.3.3 Effect of a Local Ionized Bubble -- 5.3.4 A Realistic Lyman α Escape Model -- 5.3.5 Perspectives on Studying Reionization with Lyman α Sources.

5.3.6 Faint Lyman α Halos -- 5.4 Neutral-Hydrogen Searches -- 5.4.1 Other Applications of High-z 21-cm Observations -- 5.5 Compton Optical Depth -- 5.6 Lyman α Signature in the Diffuse Near-IR Background -- 5.7 Hints for Further Study -- 6 The First Galaxies and Quasars -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 The Lyman-Break Technique -- 6.2.1 The Lyman Break as a Function of Redshift -- 6.2.2 Synthetic Stellar Population Models -- 6.2.3 Redshift 6 Dropout Galaxies -- 6.2.4 Lyman-Break Galaxies at Redshift Greater than 6 -- 6.3 The Lyman α Excess Technique -- 6.4 The Balmer-Jump Technique -- 6.4.1 An Old Galaxy at Low or High Redshift? -- 6.5 Photometric Redshifts -- 6.6 Samples of High-Redshift Galaxies -- 6.6.1 Lyman-Break Galaxies at z = 6 -- 6.6.2 Lyman-Break Galaxies at z > 7 -- 6.6.3 Lyman α Emitters -- 6.6.4 High-Redshift QSOs -- 6.7 Fluctuations -- 6.8 Direct Detection of the First Stars -- 6.9 Hints for Further Study -- 7 Deep Imaging and Spectroscopy Surveys -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Field Choice for a Deep Imaging Survey -- 7.3 Observing Techniques for Deep Imaging Surveys -- 7.3.1 General Considerations -- 7.3.2 Dithering -- 7.3.3 Super Bias and Super Dark -- 7.3.4 Flat Fielding -- 7.3.5 Image Combination -- 7.4 Self-Calibration -- 7.5 Catalogs -- 7.5.1 Layout of an Automated Photometry Algorithm -- 7.5.2 Sextractor Photometry Tips -- 7.5.3 Simulations -- 7.6 Cosmic Variance -- 7.7 The Gravitational Telescope -- 7.8 Deep Spectroscopy -- 7.8.1 Spectroscopic Analysis Techniques -- 7.8.2 Slit Spectroscopy of Faint Targets -- 7.8.3 Slitless Spectroscopy -- 7.9 Hints for Further Study -- 8 The Reionization of Helium -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Gunn-Peterson Troughs in QSOs -- 8.3 Constraints from the Temperature of the IGM -- 8.4 Change in Metal-Line Ratios -- 8.5 Change in HI Lyman α Forest -- 8.6 Reionizing Hydrogen First and Helium Later.

8.7 A Limit on the Escape Fraction from Galaxies at z 3 -- 9 Future Instrumentation -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 The James Webb Space Telescope -- 9.2.1 Historical Remarks -- 9.2.2 The JWST Science Requirements Document -- 9.2.3 Overview of JWST Instrumentation -- 9.3 Other Space-Based Instrumentation -- 9.3.1 The Wide-Field Planetary Camera 3 -- 9.3.2 The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph -- 9.3.3 A Possible Future Large Telescope in Space -- 9.4 Large Ground-Based Telescopes -- 9.4.1 Ground vs. Space Comparison -- 9.4.2 Multiobject Spectroscopy -- 9.4.3 Very High Resolution Imaging -- 9.5 Observing 21-cm Radiation at High Redshift -- 9.5.1 Murchison Wide-Field Array -- 9.5.2 Low-Frequency Array -- 9.5.3 Square-Kilometer Array -- 9.5.4 A Radiotelescope on the Far Side of the Moon -- 9.6 Atacama Large Millimiter Array -- 9.7 Large Field of View Imaging -- 9.7.1 Large Synoptic Survey Telescope -- 9.7.2 Large Field of View Imaging from Space -- 9.8 Planck -- A Overview of Physical Concepts -- A.1 Cosmological Quantities -- A.2 Saha Equation -- A.3 Polytropic Stars -- A.4 Jeans Instability for a Two-Fluid System -- Index.