Contents -- Contributors -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- I.1 A New Regulatory Field -- I.2 Goals and Basic Assumptions -- I.3 The Current Legal Status of Plant Genetic Resources -- I.4 Policy Measures Submitted -- I.4.1 A multiple approach required -- I.4.2 The protection of assignable traditional knowledge (Traditional Intellectual Property Rights) -- I.4.3 Reform and novel uses of existing intellectual property rights: patents and plant breeders' rights -- I.4.4 The protection of non-assignable traditional knowledge and plant genetic resources for food and agriculture -- I.4.5 Support of trade in products resulting from the use of traditional plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and traditional knowledge -- I.4.6 Tariff measures facilitating the export of traditional knowledge-related products -- I.5 Conclusions -- PART I: GENERAL FRAMEWORK -- 1 Problems and Goals -- 1.1 Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Factual Background and Problems -- 1.2 Goals of Instruments and Measures to Protect Traditional Knowledge and Plant Genetic Resources: Basic Principles and Ethical Reflections -- Bibliography -- 2 The Current Law of Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Permanent Sovereignty over Plant Genetic Resources -- 2.3 International Agreements and Institutions -- 2.4 Selected Regional and National Legal Frameworks -- Bibliography -- 3 Intellectual Property Rights, Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Protection of TK Related to Plant Genetic Resources -- 3.3 Impacts on Existing PGR, Landraces and TK -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- PART II: TOWARDS SUI GENERIS RIGHTS -- 4 Origin and Allocation of Traditional Knowledge and Landraces.

Part 1: Origin and Allocation of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional PGRFA: Basic Questions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Origin and Allocation of Traditional Knowledge -- 4.3 The Concept of Origin of PGRFA -- Part 2: Farmers, Landraces and Property Rights: Challenges to Allocating Sui Generis Intellectual Property Rights to Communities over their Varieties -- 4.4 Introduction -- 4.5 Historical Evolution of the Concept of Landrace -- 4.6 How the Interplay of Plant Reproduction Systems, Human Uses and the Environment Affect the Incidence and Duration of Distinctions between Landraces -- 4.7 Assessing Potential Intellectual Property Policy Responses -- 4.8 Mining Data for Connections between Communities and Ex Situ Collections -- 4.9 Assessing Possible Policy Responses to the Database Analyses -- 4.10 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 A New Generation of IPR for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge in PGR for Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Uses -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Strategic Case for Intellectual Property Protection -- 5.3 Current State of the Law and Efforts Made to Date -- 5.4 Basic Objections to IPR Protection -- 5.5 A New IP Right in Traditional Knowledge -- 5.6 The Creation and Registration of Rights -- 5.7 The Interface with Other IP Rights -- 5.8 The Fora for Future Negotiations -- 5.9 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 6 Flanking Policies in National and International Law -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Existing Intellectual Property Rights: Avenues for Further Development -- 6.3 Management and Enforcement of IPR and Traditional PGR: Institutional Design -- Bibliography -- PART III: OPTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE AND TRADE POLICY MEASURES -- 7 New Collective Policies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Farmers' Rights -- 7.3 Reviewing Access Legislation.

7.4 Financial Mechanisms for Compensation of Non-assignable Traditional Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge -- Bibliography -- 8 International Trade Regulation for Plant Genetic Resources and Related Products -- Part 1: The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Agreement of Agriculture and the Maintenance of TK and PGRFA -- 8.3 The Structure of Agriculture in Developing Countries -- 8.4 The Impact of Agricultural Export Subsidies and Food Aid on Agrobiodiversity -- 8.5 Direct Payments -- Part 2: Enhancing Market Access -- 8.7 Introduction -- 8.8 Market Access for Developing Countries in PGR Products -- 8.9 The Prospects of Differential Tariffs for Traditional Knowledge-based Products -- 8.10 TK and the TBT and the SPS Agreements -- 8.11 The Need for Joint Standard-setting Operations -- 8.12 Non-discrimination Principles of GATT 1994 and Traditional Knowledge -- 8.13 The Impact of MFN -- 8.14 The Impact of National Treatment -- 8.15 Product Process Methods (PPMs) in GATT 1994 -- 8.16 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.