Fuels and Fuel-Additives -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Petroleum-Based Fuels- An Outlook -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Environmental Issues -- 1.3 Classification of Fuels -- References -- Chapter 2 Emission Regulation of Automotive Vehicles and Quality of Automotive Fuels -- 2.1 Direct Regulation of Emissions -- 2.1.1 Emission Standards in Europe -- 2.1.2 US (EPA) Emission Standards [20,21] -- 2.1.3 Emission Regulation in Japan [7,21] -- 2.1.4 Emission Standards in India [22,23] -- 2.1.5 Emission Standards in China [24] -- 2.2 Indirect Emission Regulations (International Standards) -- References -- Chapter 3 Fuels from Crude Oil (Petroleum) -- 3.1 Crude Oil -- 3.2 Crude Oil Refining -- 3.2.1 Separation and Extraction Processes -- 3.2.2 Change of Quality and Yield of Hydrocarbon Fractions -- References -- Chapter 4 Alternative Fuels -- 4.1 Light (Gaseous) Hydrocarbons -- 4.2 Propane-Butane Gas -- 4.3 Mixtures of Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbons -- 4.3.1 Liquid Synthetic Hydrocarbon Mixtures from Synthesis Gas -- 4.3.2 Biogas Oils from Triglycerides -- 4.3.3 Production of Bioparaffins from Lignocellulose and Carbohydrates -- 4.4 Oxygen-Containing Engine Fuels and Blending Components -- 4.4.1 Alcohols -- 4.4.2 Ethers -- 4.4.3 Vegetable Oils and Their Oxygen-Containing Derivatives -- 4.5 Hydrogen -- 4.5.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 4.5.2 Main Characteristics of Hydrogen -- 4.5.3 Hydrogen Storage on Vehicle and Reloading -- References -- Chapter 5 Fuel Additives -- 5.1 Consumption of Additives (Demands) -- 5.2 Engine Deposits and Their Control -- 5.2.1 Deposits in Gasoline Engines -- 5.2.2 Deposit Control Additives (Detergent Dispersants) -- 5.2.3 Deposits and Their Control in Diesel Engines -- 5.2.4 Detergent Additives and Exhaust Emissions -- 5.2.5 Tests for DD Additives in Engines -- 5.2.6 Advantages of Using DD Additives in Fuels.

5.3 Antiknock Additives (Octane Number Improvers) -- 5.3.1 "knocking" -- 5.3.2 Octane number -- 5.3.3 Octane Number Improver Additives -- 5.4 Cetane Number Improver -- 5.4.1 Cetane Number Improver additives -- 5.4.2 Cetane Number Measurement -- 5.4.3 Cetane Index -- 5.5 Fuel Antioxidants (Stabilizers) -- 5.5.1 Increasing Storage Stability -- 5.5.2 Oxidation of Fuels -- 5.5.3 Chemical Mechanism of Antioxidants -- 5.5.4 Types of Antioxidants -- 5.6 Metal Deactivators/Passivators -- 5.7 Corrosion Inhibitors -- 5.7.1 Mechanism of Rusting/Corrosion -- 5.7.2 Anticorrosion Compounds -- 5.8 Antistatic Agents -- 5.9 Lubricity Improvers -- 5.10 Friction Modifiers -- 5.11 Dehazer and Demulsifiers -- 5.12 Combustion Improvers -- 5.12.1 Conventional Approaches -- 5.12.2 Unconventional Approaches -- 5.13 Flow Improvers and Paraffin Dispersants of Fuels -- 5.13.1 Characteristics of Middle Distillate Fuel at Low Temperatures -- 5.13.2 Pour Point Depressants -- 5.13.3 Flow Improver Additives -- 5.13.4 Paraffin Dispersants -- 5.13.5 Distillate Operability Test (DOT Test) -- 5.14 Drag Reducers -- 5.15 Anti-icing Additives -- 5.16 Antifoam Additives -- 5.17 Biocides -- 5.18 Coloring Matters and Markers -- 5.19 Additive Compositions -- References -- Chapter 6 Blending of Fuels -- 6.1 Blending of Gasolines -- 6.2 Blending of Diesel Gasoils -- Chapter 7 Properties of Motor Fuels and Their Effects on Engines and the Environment -- 7.1 Effects of Gasoline Properties on Engines and the Environment -- 7.1.1 Combustion Process (Octane Number) -- 7.1.2 Volatility of Engine Gasolines -- 7.1.3 Stability of Gasolines -- 7.1.4 Corrosive Properties -- 7.1.5 Chemical Composition -- 7.1.6 Other Properties -- 7.2 Effects of Properties of Diesel Gasoils on Engines and the Environment -- 7.2.1 Ignition and Combustion Properties of Diesel Gasoils.

7.2.2 Density and Energy Content of Diesel Gasoils -- 7.2.3 Distillation Properties of Diesel Fuels -- 7.2.4 Chemical Composition -- 7.2.5 Stability of Diesel Gasoils -- 7.2.6 Corrosion Properties -- 7.2.7 Lubricating Properties -- 7.2.8 Low-Temperature Flow Properties -- 7.2.9 Effects of Chemical Composition on Emissions -- 7.2.10 Other Properties -- References -- Chapter 8 Aviation Fuels -- 8.1 Aviation Gasolines -- 8.1.1 Aviation Gasoline Grades -- 8.1.2 Aviation Gasoline Additives -- 8.1.3 Automotive Gasoline for Aircraft -- 8.2 Jet Fuels -- 8.2.1 Main Quality Requirements and Properties of Jet Fuels -- 8.2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuel Specifications -- 8.2.3 Production of Aviation Turbine Fuels -- 8.2.4 Additives of Jet Fuel -- References -- Chapter 9 Fuel Oils and Marine Fuels -- 9.1 Classification of Fuel Oils -- 9.1.1 Characteristics of Fuel Oils -- 9.1.2 Classification of Heating Fuels for Power Plants -- 9.1.3 Classification of Bunker Fuels -- 9.2 Production of Fuel Oils -- 9.3 Fuel Oil Stability and Compatibility -- 9.4 Additives for Residual Fuels -- References -- Glossary: Common Terminology in Fuels and Additives -- Index.