Contents -- Preface -- Note on Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Soviet Union's Biological Warfare Program, 1918- 1972 -- 2. Beginnings of the "Modern" Soviet BW program, 1970- 1977 -- 3. USSR Ministry of Defense Facilities and Its Biological Warfare Program -- 4. Open-Air Testing of Biological Weapons by Aralsk- 7 on Vozrozhdeniye Island -- 5. Soviet Civilian Sector Defenses against Biological Warfare and Infectious Diseases -- 6. Biopreparat's Role in the Soviet Biological Warfare Program and Its Survival in Russia -- 7. Biopreparat's State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (SRCAM) -- 8. All-Union Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Scientific -Production Association "Vector" -- 9. Biopreparat Facilities at Leningrad, Lyubuchany, and Stepnogorsk -- 10. Soviet Biological Weapons and Doctrines for Their Use -- 11. Distinguishing between Offensive and Defensive Biological Warfare Activities -- 12. Assessments of Soviet Biological Warfare Activities by Western Intelligence Services -- 13. United States Covert Biological Warfare Disinformation -- 14. Soviet Allegations of the Use of Biological Weapons by the United States -- 15. Sverdlovsk 1979: The Release of Bacillus anthracis Spores from a Soviet Ministry of Defense Facility and Its Consequences -- 16. Soviet Research on Mycotoxins -- 17. Assistance by Warsaw Pact States to the Soviet Union's Biological Warfare Program -- 18. The Question of Proliferation from the USSR Biological Warfare Program -- 19. Recalcitrant Russian Policies in a Parallel Area: Chemical Weapon Demilitarization -- 20. The Soviet Union, Russia, and Biological Warfare Arms Control -- 21. The Gorbachev Years: The Soviet Biological Weapons Program, 1985-1992 -- 22. Boris Yeltsin to the Present.

23. United States and International Efforts to Prevent Proliferation of Biological Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Union -- Conclusion -- Annex A: Acronyms and Russian Terms -- Annex B: Glossary -- Annex C: A Joint Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, USSR, and the USSR Council of Ministers, dated 24 June 1981 -- Annex D: Joint US/UK/Russian Statement of Biological Weapons, September 1992 -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Index.