Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Fuels From Biomass -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Growth of Biofuels -- 1.2.1 Factors Spurring Growth in the Biofuels Market -- 1.2.2 Challenges to the Wide-Scale Use Of Biofuels -- 1.2.3 History of Biofuels Programs -- 1.2.4 Current Biofuel Production -- 1.3 Conventional Biomass Feedstocks -- 1.3.1 Fuels from Food Fiber and Feed Crops (1st Generation) -- 1.4 Challenges to Conventional Feedstocks -- 1.5 Fuels from Crop Residues, Wood and Dedicated Energy Crops -- 1.5.1 Characteristics of Cellulosic Biomass -- 1.5.2 Biomass Residues and Organic Wastes -- 1.5.3 Wood Residues -- 1.5.4 Crop Residues -- 1.5.5 Energy Crops -- 1.5.6 Micro-Algae -- 1.6 Technologies for Converting Biomass into Liquid Fuels -- 1.6.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 1.6.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 1.6.3 Emerging Developments in Conversion Technology -- 1.7 The Biorefinery Concept -- 1.8 Outlook for Cellulosic Liquid Fuels -- 1.9 Biofuels -- 1.9.1 Ethanol from Sugars -- 1.9.2 Ethanol from Starches -- 1.9.3 Fuel Ethanol -- 1.9.4 Lipid-Derived Biofuels -- References -- 2 Environmental Aspects -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 2.3 Life Cycle Considerations of Biofuels -- 2.3.1 Feedstock Production, Harvest, Processing, Transport -- 2.4 Refining Feedstocks Into Biofuels -- 2.4.1 Transport of Feedstocks and Fuel -- 2.4.2 Combustion -- 2.4.3 Results of Well-to-Wheel Analyses -- 2.4.4 Reducing the Climate Impact of Biofuels -- 2.5 Impact of Growing Biomass -- 2.5.1 Habitat Destruction -- 2.5.2 Minimizing Land-Use and Impact on Wildlife -- 2.5.3 Impact on Soil Quality -- 2.5.4 Impact on Water Resources -- 2.5.5 Impact on Air Quality -- References -- 3 Biofuel Policies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Regional, National and Local Policies -- 3.2.1 Africa -- 3.2.2 Asia and the Pacific -- 3.2.3 Latin America.

3.2.4 Europe -- 3.2.5 North America -- 3.3 International Environmental Instruments -- 3.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 3.3.2 Other Emissions -- 3.4 Standards and Certification Schemes -- 3.5 International Trade -- References -- 4 The Biofuel Life Cycle -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Biofuels -- 4.3 Ethanol in SI Engines -- 4.4 Ethanol in CI Engines -- 4.5 Biodiesel Blends -- 4.6 Unblended Biodiesel -- 4.7 Other Biofuels -- 4.7.1 Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats -- 4.7.2 Dimethyl Ether -- 4.7.3 Biomass to Liquid -- References -- 5 Social Aspects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Agricultural and Rural Development -- 5.3 Expanding Markets -- 5.4 Creating Employment -- 5.5 Subsidies -- 5.6 Biofuel Processing -- 5.7 Biofuels for Local Use -- 5.8 Food Versus Fuel Debate -- 5.9 Infrastructure Requirements -- 5.10 Transport, Storage and Delivery -- 5.11 Government Policies and Regulations -- References -- 6 The Future of Biofuels -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Next Generation Biofuels -- 6.3 Integrated Refining Concepts - The Biorefinery -- 6.3.1 The Biorefinery Concept -- 6.3.2 Process Options -- 6.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion -- 6.3.4 Fermentation and Hydrolysis -- 6.3.5 Transesterification -- 6.4 Strategies for Biofuel Use -- 6.5 Market Barriers of Biofuel -- 6.6 Managing Biofuel Production -- 6.6.1 Food or Fuel -- 6.6.2 Non-Food Feedstocks -- 6.6.3 Vegetable Oil -- 6.7 The Future -- References -- Conversion Factors -- Glossary -- Index.