Biometrics in Identity Management: Concepts to Applications -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Basics of Biometrics -- 1.2 Types of Biometric Technologies -- 1.3 Biometric System -- 1.4 Biometric System Processes -- 1.5 Biometric System Architecture -- 1.6 Applications of Biometric Technologies -- 1.7 Classification of Biometric Applications -- 1.8 Summary -- CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of Technical Evaluations -- 2.1 System Process Transactions -- 2.2 Types of Errors -- 2.2.1 Acquisition Errors -- 2.2.2 Matching Errors -- 2.3 Performance Metrics -- 2.3.1 Failure to Enroll Rate (FTE) -- 2.3.2 Failure to Acquire Rate (FTA) -- 2.3.3 False Nonmatch Rate (FNMR) -- 2.3.4 False Match Rate (FMR) -- 2.3.5 Verification Performance Metrics -- 2.3.6 Identification Performance Metrics -- 2.4 Type I and Type II Errors -- 2.5 Performance Curves -- 2.6 User-Specific Performance: Zoo Analysis -- 2.7 Evaluation Testing Methodologies -- 2.7.1 Technology Evaluation -- 2.7.2 Scenario Evaluation -- 2.7.3 Operational Evaluation -- 2.8 Design of Evaluation -- 2.8.1 Sample Quality -- 2.9 Reporting Biometric Evaluations -- 2.10 Summary -- CHAPTER 3 Fingerprint Recognition -- 3.1 Fingerprint Anatomy -- 3.2 History -- 3.3.1 Henry Classification -- 3.2.2 Automated Fingerprint Recognition -- 3.3 Fingerprint Presentation and Acquisition -- 3.3.1 Inked Capture -- 3.3.2 Latent Fingerprints -- 3.3.3 Optical Sensors -- 3.3.4 Solid State Capacitive Sensors -- 3.3.5 RF Sensor -- 3.3.6 Thermal Fingerprint Sensor -- 3.3.7 Electro-Optical Sensor -- 3.3.8 Multispectral Imaging Sensor -- 3.3.9 Other Technologies -- 3.3.10 Limitations of Acquisition Technologies -- 3.3.11 Fingerprint Impressions -- 3.4 Fingerprint Feature Extraction -- 3.4.1 Quality Assessment -- 3.5 Fingerprint Compression -- 3.6 Fingerprint Feature Matching -- 3.7 Classification and Indexing.

3.8 Synthetic Fingerprint Generation -- 3.9 Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) -- 3.10 Standards -- 3.11 Evaluations -- 3.11.1 Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation (FpVTE) -- 3.11.2 Minutiae Interoperability Exchange (MINEX) -- 3.11.3 Minutiae Template Interoperability Test (MTIT) -- 3.11.4 Fingerprint Verification Competition (FVC) -- 3.11.5 Slap Fingerprint Segmentation Evaluations -- 3.12 Applications and Trends -- 3.12.1 Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) -- 3.12.2 Personal Identity Verification (PIV) -- 3.12.3 US-VISIT -- 3.13 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 3.13.1 User Interaction -- 3.13.2 Environment Issues -- 3.13.3 User Demographics -- 3.13.4 Interoperability -- 3.13.5 Spoofing Attacks -- 3.13.6 Large-Scale Systems -- 3.14 Summary -- CHAPTER 4 Face Recognition -- 4.1 History -- 4.2 2-D Face Recognition -- 4.2.1 2-D Face Image Acquisition, Detection, and Segmentation -- 4.2.2 Quality Assessment -- 4.2.3 2-D Face Feature Extraction and Matching -- 4.2.4 Video Surveillance -- 4.2.5 Beyond the Visible Spectrum -- 4.3 3-D Face Recognition -- 4.3.1 Face Acquisition -- 4.3.2 3-D Face Modeling and Matching -- 4.4 Standards -- 4.5 Evaluations -- 4.5.1 Facial Recognition Technology (FERET) Evaluations -- 4.5.2 Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) -- 4.5.3 Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) -- 4.5.4 Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge (MBGC) and Multiple Biometric Evaluation (MBE) -- 4.5.5 Human-Machine Evaluation -- 4.5.6 Other Evaluations -- 4.6 Applications and Trends -- 4.6.1 Law Enforcement -- 4.6.2 E-Passport -- 4.6.3 U.S. Department of State Visa Application System -- 4.6.4 Surveillance Applications -- 4.6.5 Logical Access -- 4.6.6 Airport Applications -- 4.6.7 Personal Applications -- 4.7 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 4.7.1 Pose and Expression -- 4.7.2 Physiological Factors.

4.7.3 Environmental Factors -- 4.7.4 Image Compression and Interoperability -- 4.7.5 Subject Camera Distance and Motion -- 4.7.6 Spoofing Attacks -- 4.8 Summary -- CHAPTER 5 Iris Recognition -- 5.1 Anatomy of Iris -- 5.2 History -- 5.3 Iris Image Acquisition -- 5.4 Feature Extraction -- 5.4.1 Quality Assessment -- 5.5 Iris Feature Matching -- 5.6 Standards -- 5.7 Iris Capture at a Distance -- 5.8 Evaluations -- 5.8.1 Independent Testing of Iris Recognition Technology (ITIRT) -- 5.8.2 Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) -- 5.8.3 IRIS06 -- 5.8.4 NIST IREX -- 5.9 Applications and Trends -- 5.9.1 Privium System at Schipol Airport, Amsterdam -- 5.9.2 U.K. IRIS Program -- 5.9.3 U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Iris Recognition -- 5.9.4 United Arab Emirates (UAE) Expellee Program -- 5.10 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 5.10.1 User Interaction -- 5.10.2 Medical Conditions -- 5.10.3 Nonideal Iris Images -- 5.10.4 Environmental Effects -- 5.10.5 Interoperability -- 5.10.6 Spoofing Attacks -- 5.11 Summary -- CHAPTER 6 Hand Geometry Recognition -- 6.1 History -- 6.2 Image Acquisition -- 6.3 Feature Extraction -- 6.4 Feature Matching -- 6.5 Performance Evaluations -- 6.6 Standards -- 6.7 Applications and Trends -- 6.8 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 6.8.1 Environmental Issues -- 6.8.2 User Interaction -- 6.8.3 Other Performance Considerations -- 6.9 Summary -- CHAPTER 7 Speaker Recognition -- 7.1 Generating Voice -- 7.2 History -- 7.3 Speaker Recognition Systems -- 7.3.1 Text-Dependent -- 7.3.2 Text-Prompted -- 7.3.3 Text-Independent -- 7.4 Information Levels -- 7.4.1 Idiolectal -- 7.4.2 Phonotactics -- 7.4.3 Prosody -- 7.4.4 Spectral Characteristics -- 7.5 Feature Extraction -- 7.5.1 Signal Enhancement -- 7.5.2 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) -- 7.5.3 LPC Cepstral Parameters -- 7.6 Feature Matching -- 7.6.1 Distance-Based Methods.

7.6.2 Model-Based Methods -- 7.6.3 Other Methods -- 7.7 Standards -- 7.8 Evaluations -- 7.9 Applications and Trends -- 7.10 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 7.10.1 Voice Variations -- 7.10.2 Background Noise -- 7.10.3 Channel Effect -- 7.10.4 Microphone Effect -- 7.10.5 Duration of Samples -- 7.10.6 Recording Attack -- 7.11 Summary -- CHAPTER 8 Vascular Pattern Recognition -- 8.1 History -- 8.2 Vein Pattern Acquisition -- 8.3 Feature Extraction -- 8.4 Feature Matching -- 8.5 Facial Vascular Patterns -- 8.6 Commercially Available Technologies -- 8.7 Standards -- 8.8 Performance Evaluations -- 8.9 Applications and Trends -- 8.10 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 8.11 Summary -- CHAPTER 9 Dynamic Signature Verification -- 9.1 History -- 9.2 Types of Signature Verification Systems -- 9.3 Data Acquisition -- 9.4 Feature Representation -- 9.5 Feature Matching -- 9.6 Standards -- 9.7 Performance Evaluation -- 9.8 Trends and Applications -- 9.9 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 9.9.1 Inherent Variability -- 9.9.2 Interoperability -- 9.9.3 User Demographics -- 9.9.4 Zero Effort Imposter Attempts -- 9.10 Summary -- CHAPTER 10 Keystroke Dynamics, Retina, DNA, and Gait Recognition -- 10.1 Keystroke Dynamics -- 10.1.1 History -- 10.1.2 Feature Extraction and Matching -- 10.1.3 Keystroke Dynamics Systems -- 10.1.4 Standards -- 10.1.5 Evaluation -- 10.1.6 Trends and Applications -- 10.1.7 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 10.2 Retina Recognition -- 10.3 DNA Recognition -- 10.4 Gait Recognition -- 10.5 Summary -- CHAPTER 11 Multibiometric Systems -- 11.1 The Need for Multibiometric Systems -- 11.2 Multibiometric System Design -- 11.2.1 Multimodal -- 11.2.2 Multi-Instance -- 11.2.3 Multisensor -- 11.2.4 Multialgorithmic -- 11.2.5 Multisample -- 11.3 Data Acquisition -- 11.4 Levels of Fusion -- 11.4.1 Sensor Level Fusion.

11.4.2 Feature Level Fusion -- 11.4.3 Score Level Fusion -- 11.4.4 Rank Level Fusion -- 11.4.5 Decision Level Fusion -- 11.4.6 Quality-Based Fusion -- 11.5 Standards -- 11.6 Performance Evaluation -- 11.7 Trends and Applications -- 11.8 Design and Deployment Considerations -- 11.8.1 Cost -- 11.8.2 Correlation -- 11.8.3 Human Factors -- 11.8.4 Fusion Architecture -- 11.8.5 Quality of Samples -- 11.8.6 Zoo Analysis -- 11.8.7 Privacy -- 11.9 Summary -- CHAPTER 12 Biometric Standards -- 12.1 The Importance of Standards -- 12.2 Standards Development Organizations (SDO) -- 12.2.1 ISO/IEC -- 12.2.2 National Standards Bodies -- 12.2.3 BioAPI Consortium -- 12.2.4 NIST -- 12.2.5 OASIS -- 12.2.6 International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) -- 12.3 Working Groups -- 12.3.1 WG1 Harmonized Biometric Vocabulary -- 12.3.2 WG2 Biometric Technical Interfaces -- 12.3.3 WG3 -- 12.3.4 WG4 -- 12.3.5 WG5 -- 12.3.6 WG6 -- 12.3.7 Sample Quality Standards -- 12.3.8 Conformance Testing -- 12.3.9 Security Standards -- 12.4 Standards Used in Law Enforcement -- 12.4.1 ANSI/NIST-ITL -- 12.4.2 FBI EBTS -- 12.4.3 DoD EBTS -- 12.4.4 INTERPOL INT-I -- 12.5 Adoption of Standards -- 12.6 Summary -- CHAPTER 13 Biometric Testing and Evaluation Programs -- 13.1 Biometric Testing: Why Is It Required? -- 13.2 Biometric Data Considerations -- 13.3 Unimodal Performance Evaluations and Research Databases -- 13.3.1 Fingerprint Recognition -- 13.3.2 Face Recognition -- 13.3.3 Iris Recognition -- 13.3.4 Speaker Verification -- 13.3.5 Signature Verification -- 13.3.6 Ocular Recognition -- 13.4 Multibiometric Evaluations and Research Databases -- 13.5 Comparative Tests -- 13.6 Liveness Detection Evaluations -- 13.7 Summary -- CHAPTER 14 Desiging and Deploying Biometric System's -- 14.1 Implementation Plan -- 14.2 Application Scope -- 14.3 Technology Selection -- 14.4 User-System Interaction.

14.4.1 Usability Principles.