Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- About This Book -- Conventions Used in This Book -- What You're Not to Read -- Foolish Assumptions -- How This Book Is Organized -- Part I: Beginning with Biostatistics Basics -- Part II: Getting Down and Dirty with Data -- Part III: Comparing Groups -- Part V: Analyzing Survival Data -- Part VI: The Part of Tens -- Icons Used in This Book -- Where to Go from Here -- Part I: Beginning with Biostatistics Basics -- Chapter 1: Biostatistics 101 -- Brushing Up on Math and Stats Basics -- Doing Calculations with the Greatest of Ease -- Concentrating on Clinical Research -- Drawing Conclusions from Your Data -- Statistical estimation theory -- Statistical decision theory -- A Matter of Life and Death: Working with Survival Data -- Figuring Out How Many Subjects You Need -- Getting to Know Statistical Distributions -- Chapter 2: Overcoming Mathophobia: Reading and Understanding Mathematical Expressions -- Breaking Down the Basics of Mathematical Formulas -- Displaying formulas in different ways -- Checking out the building blocks of formulas -- Focusing on Operations Found in Formulas -- Basic mathematical operations -- Powers, roots, and logarithms -- Factorials and absolute values -- Functions -- Simple and complicated formulas -- Equations -- Counting on Collections of Numbers -- One-dimensional arrays -- Higher-dimensional arrays -- Arrays in formulas -- Sums and products of the elements of an array -- Chapter 3: Getting Statistical: A Short Review of Basic Statistics -- Taking a Chance on Probability -- Thinking of probability as a number -- Following a few basic rules -- Comparing odds versus probability -- Some Random Thoughts about Randomness -- Picking Samples from Populations -- Recognizing that sampling isn't perfect.

Digging into probability distributions -- Introducing Statistical Inference -- Statistical estimation theory -- Statistical decision theory -- Homing In on Hypothesis Testing -- Getting the language down -- Testing for significance -- Understanding the meaning of "p value" as the result of a test -- Examining Type I and Type II errors -- Grasping the power of a test -- Going Outside the Norm with Nonparametric Statistics -- Chapter 4: Counting on Statistical Software -- Desk Job: Personal Computer Software -- Checking out commercial software -- Focusing on free software -- On the Go: Calculators and Mobile Devices -- Scientific and programmable calculators -- Mobile devices -- Gone Surfin': Web-Based Software -- On Paper: Printed Calculators -- Chapter 5: Conducting Clinical Research -- Designing a Clinical Study -- Identifying aims, objectives, hypotheses, and variables -- Deciding who will be in the study -- Choosing the structure of the study -- Using randomization -- Selecting the analyses to use -- Defining analytical populations -- Determining how many subjects to enroll -- Putting together the protocol -- Carrying Out a Clinical Study -- Protecting your subjects -- Collecting and validating data -- Analyzing Your Data -- Dealing with missing data -- Handling multiplicity -- Incorporating interim analyses -- Chapter 6: Looking at Clinical Trials and Drug Development -- Not Ready for Human Consumption: Doing Preclinical Studies -- Testing on People during Clinical Trialsto Check a Drug's Safety and Efficacy -- Phase I: Determining the maximum tolerated dose -- Phase II: Finding out about the drug's performance -- Phase III: Proving that the drug works -- Phase IV: Keeping an eye on the marketed drug -- Holding Other Kinds of Clinical Trials.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD studies) -- Bioequivalence studies -- Thorough QT studies -- Part II: Getting Down and Dirty with Data -- Chapter 7: Getting Your Data into the Computer -- Looking at Levels of Measurement -- Classifying and Recording Different Kinds of Data -- Dealing with free-text data -- Assigning subject identification (ID) numbers -- Organizing name and address data -- Collecting categorical data -- Recording numerical data -- Entering date and time data -- Checking Your Entered Data for Errors -- Creating a File that Describes Your Data File -- Chapter 8: Summarizing and Graphing Your Data -- Summarizing and Graphing Categorical Data -- Summarizing Numerical Data -- Locating the center of your data -- Describing the spread of your data -- Showing the symmetry and shape of the distribution -- Structuring Numerical Summaries into Descriptive Tables -- Graphing Numerical Data -- Showing the distribution with histograms -- Summarizing grouped data withbars, boxes, and whiskers -- Depicting the relationships between numerical variables with other graphs -- Chapter 9: Aiming for Accuracy and Precision -- Beginning with the Basics of Accuracy and Precision -- Getting to know sample statistics and population parameters -- Understanding accuracy and precision in terms of the sampling distribution -- Thinking of measurement as a kind of sampling -- Expressing errors in terms of accuracy and precision -- Improving Accuracy and Precision -- Enhancing sampling accuracy -- Getting more accurate measurements -- Improving sampling precision -- Increasing the precision of your measurements -- Calculating Standard Errors for Different Sample Statistics -- A mean -- A proportion -- Event counts and rates -- A regression coefficient.

Chapter 10: Having Confidence in Your Results -- Feeling Confident about Confidence Interval Basics -- Defining confidence intervals -- Looking at confidence levels -- Taking sides with confidence intervals -- Calculating Confidence Intervals -- Before you begin: Formulas for confidence limits in large samples -- The confidence interval around a mean -- The confidence interval around a proportion -- The confidence interval around an event count or rate -- The confidence interval around a regression coefficient -- Relating Confidence Intervals and Significance Testing -- Chapter 11: Fuzzy In Equals Fuzzy Out: Pushing Imprecision through a Formula -- Understanding the Concept of Error Propagation -- Using Simple Error Propagation Formulas for Simple Expressions -- Adding or subtracting a constantdoesn't change the SE -- Multiplying (or dividing) by a constant multiplies (or divides) the SE by the same amount -- For sums and differences: Add the squares of SEs together -- For averages: The square root law takes over -- For products and ratios: Squares of relative SEs are added together -- For powers and roots: Multiply the relative SE by the power -- Handling More Complicated Expressions -- Using the simple rules consecutively -- Checking out an online calculator -- Simulating error propagation - easy, accurate, and versatile -- Part III: Comparing Groups -- Chapter 12: Comparing Average Values between Groups -- Knowing That Different Situations Need Different Tests -- Comparing the mean of a group of numbers to a hypothesized value -- Comparing two groups of numbers -- Comparing three or more groups of numbers -- Analyzing data grouped on several different variables -- Adjusting for a "nuisance variable" when comparing numbers -- Comparing sets of matched numbers.

Comparing within-group changes between groups -- Trying the Tests Used for Comparing Averages -- Surveying Student t tests -- Assessing the ANOVA -- Running Student t tests and ANOVAs from summary data -- Running nonparametric tests -- Estimating the Sample Size You Need for Comparing Averages -- Simple formulas -- Software and web pages -- A sample-size nomogram -- Chapter 13: Comparing Proportions and Analyzing Cross-Tabulations -- Examining Two Variables with the Pearson Chi-Square Test -- Understanding how the chi-square test works -- Pointing out the pros and cons of the chi-square test -- Modifying the chi-square test: The Yates continuity correction -- Focusing on the Fisher Exact Test -- Understanding how the Fisher Exact test works -- Noting the pros and cons of the Fisher Exact test -- Calculating Power and Sample Size for Chi-Square and Fisher Exact Tests -- Analyzing Ordinal Categorical Data with the Kendall Test -- Studying Stratified Data with the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square Test -- Chapter 14: Taking a Closer Look at Fourfold Tables -- Focusing on the Fundamentals of Fourfold Tables -- Choosing the Right Sampling Strategy -- Producing Fourfold Tables in a Variety of Situations -- Describing the association between two binary variables -- Assessing risk factors -- Evaluating diagnostic procedures -- Investigating treatments -- Looking at inter- and intra-rater reliability -- Chapter 15: Analyzing Incidence and Prevalence Rates in Epidemiologic Data -- Understanding Incidence and Prevalence -- Prevalence: The fraction of a population with a particular condition -- Incidence: Counting new cases -- Understanding how incidence and prevalence are related -- Analyzing Incidence Rates -- Expressing the precision of an incidence rate -- Comparing incidences with the rate ratio.

Calculating confidence intervals for a rate ratio.