Preface to the Series -- Preface to this Volume -- Contents -- 1. Sexual Selection of Ultraviolet and Structural Color Signals -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 AVIAN UV COLOR VISION -- 1.3 UV/STRUCTURAL COLOR PRODUC TION -- 1.3.1 Iridescent Plumage -- 1.3.2 Non-iridescent Plumage -- 1.3.3 White Plumage -- 1.3.4 UV-reflecting Pigmented Plumage -- 1.3.5 Fluorescent Plumage -- 1.4 MEASURING UV AND STRUCTURAL SEXUAL SIGNALS -- 1.5 SEXUAL SELECTION AND UV/STRUCTURAL SIGNALS -- 1.5.1 Avian UV Role Models -- 1.5.1.1 Zebra finches -- 1.5.1.2 Blue tits -- 1.5.1.3 Bluethroats -- 1.5.1.4 Recent UV/structural studies -- 1.6 SEXUAL SELECTION AND STRUCTURAL SIGNALS -- 1.7 SEXUAL SELECTION AND FLUORESCENT SIGNALS -- 1.8 WHY ARE UV/STRUCTURAL SIGNALS USED IN SEXUAL COMMUNICATION? -- 1.8.1 Private Signaling Channel -- 1.8.2 Light and Habitat Contrast -- 1.8.3 Receiver Biases for UV-Reflective Signals -- 1.8.4 Signals as Amplifiers of Mate Quality -- 1.8.5 Signals as Indicators of Mate Quality -- 1.9 FUTURE CHALLENGES -- 1.10 ACNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1.11 LITERATURE CITED -- 2. Melanins and Carotenoids as Feather Colorants and Signals -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 MECHANISMS OF PRODUCTION OF MELANIN AND CAROTENOID COLORATION -- 2.3 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL -- 2.3.1 Genetic Control of Color Traits -- 2.3.2 Environmental Effects and the Information Content of Ornamental Coloration -- 2.3.2.1 Pigment access -- 2.3.2.2 Parasites -- 2.3.2.3 Nutrition -- 2.3.2.4 Social status and color -- 2.3.3 The Information Content of Pigment-based Color Signals -- 2.3.3.1 Morphs -- 2.3.3.2 Continuous variation in color display -- 2.3.3.3 Degree of detail in single and multiple pigment signals -- 2.4 THE FUNCTION OF CAROTENOID AND MELANIN COLORATION -- 2.5 BENEFITS TO ASSESSMENT OF PIGMENT DISPLAYS -- 2.5.1 Mate Choice -- 2.5.1.1 Direct benefits -- 2.5.1.2 Good genes.

2.5.1.3 Reproductive success -- 2.5.2 Status Signaling and Receiver Benefits -- 2.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY -- 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 2.8 LITERATURE CITED -- 3. Odors and Chemical Signaling -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 ODORS DERIVED FROM THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3.2.1 Plants -- 3.2.2 Heterospecific Animals -- 3.3 ODORS DERIVED FROM BIRDS -- 3.3.1 Odors, Chemical Signals and Pheromones -- 3.3.2 Production of Avian Odors -- 3.4 SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF AVIAN ODORS -- 3.4.1 Using Avian-derived Odorsto Locate Home -- 3.4.2 Discrimination of Own-Nest Odor -- 3.4.3 Discrimination of Self, Conspecific and Mate Odor -- 3.4.4 Chicks, Parenting and Odor Learning -- 3.4.5 Odors Linked with Courtship or Other Displays -- 3.5 IMPLICATIONS OF AVIAN ODOR AS A SIGNAL -- 3.5.1 A General Role for Honest Odor Signals in Birds? -- 3.5.2 Prospects for Odors Related to Kin Selection and Mating System -- 3.5.3 Applied Problem and Species Recovery -- 3.6 CALL FOR A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH -- 3.7 AVIAN OLFACTION: STRUCTURE AND FUNTION -- 3.7.1 Form and Function of Olfactory Anatomy -- 3.7.2 Olfactory Microstructure -- 3.7.3 Gaps in Anatomical Studies -- 3.8 CONCLUSIONS -- 3.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 3.10 LITERATURE CITED -- 4. Sexual Dimorphism -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 SEX DIFFERENCES IN NATURAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION -- 4.3 COLOR DIMORPHISM -- 4.3.1 The Evolution of Sexual Color Dimorshism -- 4.3.2 The Hormonal and Genetic Basis for Plumage Dimorphism -- 4.3.3 How Should We See Color? -- 4.3.4 Types of Color -- 4.4 SIZE DIMORPHISM -- 4.4.1 Sexual Dimorphism and Body Size -- 4.5 CONCLUSIONS -- 4.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 4.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 5. Sexual Selection, Signal Selection and the Handicap Principle -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 FISHER'S MODEL -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 What is Wrong with Fisher's Model -- 5.3 OBJECTIONS TO THE SUGGESTION THAT ALL SIGNALS INVOLVE HANDICAPS.

5.4 HANDICAPS, COSTLY SIGNALING, AND HONEST SIGNALING -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Can One Use the Reaction of a Receiver to Decode the Information Conveyed in a Signal? -- 5.4.3 The Connection between the Signal and its Message -- 5.4.4 The Handicap in Carotenoid Signals. Or: Can a Signal be Both Honest and Beneficial? -- 5.4.5 The Interaction between Color, Movements and Image in Displays -- 5.4.6 The Cost in Vocal Signals -- 5.4.7 Conclusion -- 5.5 HANDICAPS IN SOCIAL BEHAVIORS -- 5.5.1 Clumping, Dancing and Allopreening -- 5.5.2 The Importance of Social Prestige -- 5.5.3 The Evolution of Altruism -- 5.5.4 A Cooperation of Two and the Advantage of Adopting a Social Parasite -- 5.6 SIGNAL SELECTION AND UTILITARIAN SELECTION -- 5.6.1 The Interaction between Signal Selection and Utilitarian Selection -- 5.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 5.8 LITERATURE CITED -- 6. Courtship and Copulation -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.1.1 Context -- 6.2 COURTSHIP -- 6.2.1 Courtship Signal Design -- 6.2.2 Courtship Ornaments -- 6.2.3 Courtship Sounds -- 6.2.3.1 Types of Sounds -- 6.2.3.2 Interspecific variation -- 6.2.3.3 Intraspecific variation -- 6.2.4 Courtship Displays -- 6.2.5 Why Birds Court -- 6.3 COPULATION -- 6.3.1 Copulation Behavior -- 6.3.1.1 Ordinary copulation -- 6.3.1.2 Extraordinary copulation -- 6.3.2 Timing of Copulation -- 6.3.2.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2.2 Seasonal patterns -- 6.3.2.3 Diel patterns -- 6.3.3 Duration of Copulation -- 6.3.4 Frequency of Copulation -- 6.3.4.1 Frequency -- 6.3.4.2 Extrapair copulations -- 6.3.4.3 Postcopulatory displays -- 6.4 SYNTHESIS -- 6.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 6.6 LITERATURE CITED -- 7. Sexual Conflict and its Implications for Fitness -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 WHAT IS SEXUAL CONFLICT, AND WHY DOES IT OCCUR? -- 7.2.1 Definitions -- 7.2.1.1 Intra-locus conflict -- 7.2.1.2 Inter-locus conflict.

7.2.2 A Brief History of Sexual Conflict -- 7.2.3 Origin and Extent of Sexual Conflict -- 7.2.3.1 Who cares? -- 7.2.3.2 From true monogamy to complete infidelity -- 7.3 FORMS OF SEXUAL CONFLICT -- 7.3.1 Conflict over Polygyny -- 7.3.2 Conflict over Parentage -- 7.3.3 Conflict over Parental Care -- 7.4 CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL CONFLICT -- 7.4.1 Social Selection and Indirect Genetic Effects -- 7.4.2 Mating Systems, Patterns of Parental Care and Mate Choice -- 7.4.3 Life History Parameters -- 7.4.3.1 Nestling competition -- 7.4.3.2 Clutch size -- 7.4.4 Speciation -- 7.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 7.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 7.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 8. Intra- and Extrapair Paternity -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 INVESTIGATING EPP IN BIRDS -- 8.2.1 The Study of EPP Birds -- 8.2.2 The Incidence of EPP in Birds -- 8.2.3 The Phylogenetic Basis of Variation in EPP -- 8.2.4 Ecological Correlates of the Interspecific Variation in EPP Birds -- 8.2.4.1 The rate of adult mortality -- 8.2.4.2 The levelof paternal care -- 8.2.4.3 Bredding synchrony -- 8.2.4.4 Breeding density -- 8.2.4.5 Islands and EPP -- 8.2.4.6 Genetic diversity -- 8.3 UNDERSTANDING EPP IN BIRDS -- 8.3.1 The Adaptive Function of EPP in Birds -- 8.3.1.1 Female control over paternity -- 8.3.1.2 The cost-benefit model of EPP -- 8.3.1.3 The direct benefits of EPP -- 8.3.1.4 The indirect benefits of EPP -- 8.3.1.5 The cost of EPP and promiscuity -- 8.4 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 8.5 LITERATURE CITED -- 9. Evolution of Parental Care and Cooperative Breeding -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.1.1 An Overview of Avian Parental Care -- 9.1.2 Components of Avian Parental Care -- 9.2 MODELS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF AVIAN PARENTAL CARE -- 9.2.1 Key Issues -- 9.2.2 Biparental Care as the Ancestral State For Birds -- 9.2.3 Male-only Care as the Ancestral State for Birds -- 9.2.4 Lessons from the Fossil Record.

9.2.5 Lessons from Fish -- 9.3 PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS -- 9.3.1 Ancestral Reconstructions: Previous Studies -- 9.3.2 Ancestral Reconstructions: Current Study -- 9.3.3 Ecological Correlates of the Evolution of Male-only Care -- 9.3.4 Evolutionary Stasis and Transition Biases in Parental Care Evolution -- 9.4 COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- 9.4.1 Origins of Cooperative Breeding -- 9.4.2 Kinds of Care Donated by Helpers -- 9.4.3 Geographic and Phylogenetic Patterns of Cooperative Breeding in Passeriform Birds -- 9.4.3.1 Geographic patterns -- 9.4.3.2 Phylogenetic patterns -- 9.4.3.3 The Phylogenetic distribution of cooperative breeding in bee-eaters, family meropidae -- 9.5 CONCLUSIONS -- 9.6 LITERATURE CITED -- 10. Brood Parasitism in Birds -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 TAXONOMIC OVERVIEW OF INTRASPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM -- 10.3 EXPLANATIONS FOR INTRASPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM AND TESTS OF THE EXPLANATIONS -- 10.4 ARE KIN PARASITIZED? -- 10.5 RESISTANCE TO INTRASPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM -- 10.6 EVOLUTION OF INTERSPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM -- 10.7 TAXONOMIC OVERVIEW OF INTERSPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM -- 10.8 ADAPTATIONS AND COUNTER-ADAPTATIONS: BEFORE EGG LAYING -- 10.9 ADAPTATIONS AND COUNTER-ADAPTATIONS: THE EGG STAGE -- 10.10 ADAPTATIONS AND COUNTER-ADAPTATIONS THE CHICK STAGE -- 10.11 COEVOLUTIONARY ARMS RACES: OUTCOMES -- 10.12 POTENTIAL FUTURE RESEARCH AVENUES -- 10.13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 10.14 LITERATURE CITED -- 11. Applications of Reproductive Biology to Bird Conservation and Population Management -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 REPRODUCTIVE READINESS -- 11.3 BREEDING SITE SELECTION -- 11.4 MATE SELECTION -- 11.5 PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING -- 11.6 PARENTAL CARE -- 11.7 MONITORING -- 11.8 CONCLUSIONS -- 11.9 LITERATURE CITED -- 12. Embryogenesis and Development -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 DEVELOPMENT IN UTERO -- 12.3 GASTRULATION.

12.3.1 Fate Maps of the Early Chick Embryo.