Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- PART 1 GENERAL HEMOSTASIS -- CHAPTER 1 Schematic presentation of the hemostatic system -- CHAPTER 2 Proposals for sampling instructions -- Points to note prior to sampling -- Sampling time and patient preparation -- Referrals for coagulation analyses -- Sampling -- Analyses of plasma -- Technique -- For DNA investigation (genetic analyses) -- Reference -- CHAPTER 3 Laboratory investigations -- Nomenclature -- Reference intervals for laboratory investigations -- Screening analyses -- Pt-Bleeding time -- Other proposed analyses when bleeding time is increased in spite of normal platelet count -- Special analyses -- Coagulation factors -- Anticoagulants -- Protein C anticoagulant system -- Platelet function -- Fibrinolysis -- Markers of coagulation activation (hypercoagulation markers) -- Activating peptides: general remarks -- P-prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) -- P-thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex -- DNA analyses -- DNA-based diagnosis of hemophilia A and B -- DNA-based diagnosis in VWD -- DNA-based diagnosis in other hereditary bleeding disorders -- DNA-based diagnosis in thromboembolic disorders -- Global hemostatic assays and bedside methods -- Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) -- Overall hemostatic potential (OHP) -- Thromboelastography (TEG®)/ROTEM®) -- Point-of-care tests (POCT) also used as a routine -- Useful components in research studies -- Fibrin-gel structure -- P-plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex -- P-t-PA-PAI complex -- P-thrombin time -- P-ecarin clotting time -- P-C1-esterase inhibitor -- P-elastase -- P-heparin co-factor II (HC II) -- P-plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) -- P-protein C inhibitor -- P-APC-protein C inhibitor (PCI) complex -- P-TAFI -- P-VWF cleaving protease = ADAMTS-13.

P-tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) -- P-tissue factor (TF) -- Platelet-activating predictors -- P-thromboglobulin (β-TG), P-platelet factor 4 (PF4) -- Platelet P-selectin (CD62P) or P-soluble P-selectin -- PLT-fibrinogen, PLT-VWF -- Microparticles (MP) -- Other non-hemostatic variables of importance P/S-CRP -- Combinations of assays suggested for various hemostatic abnormalities -- References -- PART 2 BLEEDING DISORDERS -- CHAPTER 4 Hereditary bleeding disorders -- General remarks about hemophilia A and B -- General remarks about von Willebrand disease -- Factor concentrates used for treatment of hemophilia A and B and VWD in Sweden in 2012 -- General remarks about factor concentrates -- Treatment strategy in severe forms of hemophilia and VWD -- Home/self-treatment -- Treatment in trauma and acute bleedings -- Recommendations for desired initial plasma concentrations at different types of bleedings -- Prophylaxis against joint bleedings -- Surgery in patients with bleeding disorders -- Tooth extraction in a hemophilia patient -- Caution in patients with bleeding disorders -- Pain-killing drugs allowed in hemophilia -- Other important issues in more severe forms of hemophilia and VWD -- Risk of hepatitis -- Treatment principles for different types of bleeding disorders (severe, moderate, and milder forms of hemostatic defects) -- Hematuria -- Nose bleeding -- Gum bleeding -- Menorrhagia -- Pregnancy and delivery -- Treatment with tranexamic acid -- Contraindication -- Rare bleeding disorders -- Severe platelet function defect (e.g. Glanzmann thrombasthenia) -- Mild hemostatic defects -- Blood sampling in bleeding disorders -- Bleeding risk charts -- CHAPTER 5 Critical bleeding -- Introduction -- Definition of massive bleeding -- Transfusion coagulopathy -- Recommendations to obtain optimal hemostasis -- Management.

Role of massive transfusion protocols in massive bleeding -- During continuous bleeding, aim for the following levels -- Choice of plasma -- Local procedures -- Additional treatment -- Fibrinogen concentrate -- Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) -- Recombinant factor VIIa -- Concentrates of other coagulation factors -- Cryoprecipitates -- Tranexamic acid -- Desmopressin -- Local hemostatic drugs -- Complicating factors -- Kidney failure -- Liver failure -- Reduced vitamin K absorption -- Malignancies -- Ongoing treatment with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs -- CHAPTER 6 Investigation of increased bleeding tendency -- Introduction -- Diagnosis -- Laboratory tests -- Reasons for pathologic screening analyses and further actions -- Causes of prolonged bleeding time -- Causes of thrombocytopenia -- Hereditary thrombocytopenias -- Acquired thrombocytopenia -- Causes of prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APT time) -- Possible causes -- Causes of elevated PT(INR) -- Investigation of bleeding tendency: practical aspects -- Elective investigation in non-acute bleeding tendency -- Preoperative investigation -- Acute investigation in postoperative or post-traumatic bleeding -- PART 3 THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS -- CHAPTER 7 Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism -- Introduction -- Incidence of thrombosis in different clinical materials -- Venous thrombosis -- Diagnosis -- Tools for confirming or excluding clinical suspicion of venous thrombosis -- Vein thrombosis in the arm -- Vein thrombosis in v portae, v hepatica (Budd-Chiari syndrome) and v mesenterica -- Superficial thrombophlebitis -- Pulmonary embolism -- Clinical suspicion -- Tools for confirming or excluding clinical suspicion of PE -- Treatment of VTE -- Primary prophylaxis against VTE -- Physical prophylaxis in connection with surgery.

Drug prophylaxis in patients with a medical diagnosis -- Drug prophylaxis in surgery -- CHAPTER 8 Investigation of thromboembolic tendency -- Introduction -- Venous thromboembolism -- Possible hereditary defect -- Investigation prior to prescribing oral contraceptives or postmenopausal HRT -- Acquired defects -- Phospholipid antibodies and lupus anticoagulant -- Arterial thromboembolism -- Disseminated intravascular coagulation -- Suspected or manifest DIC -- Hypercoagulation (not acute DIC) -- CHAPTER 9 Heart disease -- Ischemic heart disease -- Stable ischemic heart disease -- Unstable angina pectoris/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) -- ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) -- Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ischemic heart disease -- Atrial fibrillation -- Planned electroconversion -- Cardiac valve prosthesis -- New oral anticoagulants in the treatment of heart disease -- CHAPTER 10 Antiplatelet drug therapy and reversal of its effects -- Introduction -- ASA -- ADP (P2Y12) receptor antagonists -- GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists -- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and other antiplatelet compounds -- Combined antithrombotic treatment -- Benefit-risk assessment -- Platelet transfusion -- CHAPTER 11 New oral anticoagulants: focus on currently approved oral factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors -- Clinical pharmacology of NOACs -- Rivaroxaban -- Apixaban -- Dabigatran -- Possibility of and need for therapeutic monitoring of NOACs -- Clinical aspects of NOACs -- Results of clinical trials -- Summary -- Some characteristics of the individual NOACs -- Summary -- Considerations to be taken when using NOACs in some emergency situations -- Summary -- CHAPTER 12 Stroke and transient ischemic attack -- Antithrombotic secondary stroke prevention -- Atrial fibrillation and TIA or stroke -- Thrombolysis in stroke.

Cerebral venous thrombosis and dissection of precerebral arteries -- Recurrent TIA -- Prophylactic treatment against DVT and PE -- CHAPTER 13 Peripheral artery surgery -- Prophylaxis against reocclusion in peripheral vascular surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) -- Peri- and postoperative treatment -- Thrombolysis in acute ischemia -- PART 4 SPECIAL HEMOSTASIS -- CHAPTER 14 Hemostasis in obstetrics and gynecology -- Introduction -- Thrombosis during pregnancy -- Diagnosis of DVT and PE during pregnancy -- Treatment with anticoagulation -- Treatment of acute DVT/PE during pregnancy -- Treatment at partus and postpartum -- Breastfeeding -- Special cases -- Heart disease: treatment of women with mechanical heart valve prostheses -- Thromboprophylaxis in obstetrics and gynecology -- Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy, partus, and postpartum -- General comments on thromboprophylaxis -- Thromboprophylaxis at birth -- Thromboprophylaxis in the puerperium -- Thromboprophylaxis in antithrombin deficiency -- Ongoing treatment with VKA drugs and with recurrent DVT/PE history -- Thromboprophylaxis at caesarean section -- Thromboprophylaxis at vaginal delivery -- Blood sampling in children of women with severe forms of thrombophilia -- Obstetric epidural/spinal analgesia (anesthesia) -- In high-dose prophylaxis and treatment -- In ASA medication (75-160 mg) -- In platelet function defi ciency -- In pre-eclampsia -- In idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) -- In von Willebrand disease -- In carriers of hemophilia A or B -- In antiphospholipid syndrome (SLE) -- Complications during pregnancy -- Hemophilia, VWD -- Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura -- Monitoring during pregnancy -- Treatment during pregnancy -- Delivery -- The newborn infant -- Essential thrombocytosis/thrombocythemia (ET) -- Pre-eclampsia.

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP).