Front Cover -- Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience: Neural Circuit Development and Function in the Healthy and Diseased Brain -- Copyright -- Editors-in-Chief -- Section Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience -- Section I: Circuit Development -- Chapter 1: The Form and Functions of Neural Circuits in the Olfactory Bulb -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Synaptic Organization of the Mammalian Olfactory Bulb -- 1.2.1. Organization of Sensory Inputs -- 1.2.2. Synaptic Processing Within Olfactory Bulb Microcircuits -- 1.2.2.1. Synaptic Transmission at the First Synapses -- 1.2.2.2. The Dendrodendritic Synapse Provides the Major Source of Inhibitory Contact to Output Neurons -- 1.2.3. Sensory Processing in the Output Layer -- 1.2.4. Centrifugal Fibers from Higher Brain Structures Profusely Innervate the Olfactory Bulb -- 1.3. Circuit Development: A Lesson from Adult Neurogenesis -- 1.3.1. Neurogenesis of Sensory Neurons in the Adult Olfactory Epithelium -- 1.3.2. Adult-Born Interneurons in the Olfactory Bulb -- 1.4. Structural and Experience-Induced Plasticity in the Olfactory Bulb -- 1.4.1. Activity-Dependent Plasticity in the Olfactory Bulb: Cell Properties and Transmitters -- 1.4.2. Adult-Born Neurons Are Substrates for Experience-Induced Plasticity -- 1.5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Functional Circuit Development in the Auditory System -- 2.1. Introduction to Auditory System Development -- 2.1.1. A Neurobiological Approach to Studying Auditory System Development -- 2.1.2. Basic Concepts of Cochlear Transduction -- 2.1.3. Scope of this Chapter -- 2.2. Development of Peripheral Circuits -- 2.2.1. Developing Networks Within the Cochlea -- 2.2.2. Development of the Place Code -- 2.2.3. Development of Afferent and Efferent Circuits.

Phase 1: Well Before Hearing Onset -- Phase 2: Shortly Before Hearing Onset -- Phase 3: Shortly After Hearing Onset -- 2.2.4. Conclusions -- 2.3. Development of Brainstem Circuits -- 2.3.1. Functional Circuit Assembly in the Brainstem -- 2.3.2. Development of Fine-Scale Connectivity in the MSO -- 2.3.3. Development of Fine-Scale Connectivity in the LSO -- 2.3.4. Afferent Regulation of Cochlear Nucleus Development -- 2.3.5. Afferent Regulation of 3rd-Order Brainstem Nuclei -- 2.3.6. Influence of the Source and Pattern of Afferent Activity on Brainstem Circuits -- 2.3.7. Conclusions -- 2.4. Development of Auditory Midbrain and Forebrain Circuits -- 2.4.1. Development of Thalamocortical Subplate Circuitry -- 2.4.2. Postnatal Development of Local Cortical Circuits -- 2.4.3. Afferent Regulation of Higher Auditory Circuit Development -- 2.4.4. Developmental Regulation over Reinstating Hearing in the Deaf -- 2.4.5. Experience-Dependent Influences on Functional Circuit Development -- 2.4.6. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 3: Development of the Superior Colliculus/Optic Tectum -- 3.1. Nomenclature -- 3.2. Functional Role -- 3.3. General Anatomical Organization of the Superior Colliculus -- 3.4. Spatial Topographies, Multisensory Integration, and Motor Output -- 3.4.1. Visuotopy -- 3.4.2. Somatotopy -- 3.4.3. Audiotopy -- 3.4.4. Multisensory Integration -- 3.4.5. Mototopic Representation -- 3.4.6. Maintaining Sensory and Motor Map Alignment -- 3.5. The Maturation of the Superior Colliculus -- 3.5.1. The Neonate -- 3.5.2. Sensory Chronology -- 3.5.2.1. Retinotectal Inputs and the Development of a Superficial Layer Visuotopy -- 3.5.2.2. Development of Deep Layer Sensory Topographies -- 3.5.3. The Development of Multisensory Neurons -- 3.5.4. Superficial Layer and Deep (Multisensory) Layer Maturational Delay.

3.5.5. The Development of Multisensory Integration -- 3.5.6. The Impact of Sensory Experience on the Maturation of Multisensory Integration -- 3.5.6.1. Motor Development -- 3.6. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Multisensory Circuits -- 4.1. Introduction: Multisensory Perception and Behavior -- 4.2. Multisensory Processing in the SC -- 4.3. Development of Multisensory Responses in the SC -- 4.3.1. Role of Experience in Aligning the Sensory Maps in the SC -- 4.3.2. Role of Experience in the Development of Multisensory Integration in the SC -- 4.4. Development of Multisensory Circuits in the Cortex -- 4.5. Sensitive Periods in the Maturation of Multisensory Processing -- 4.6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5: Cerebellar Circuits -- 5.1. Overview of the Microcircuit in the Cerebellar Cortex -- 5.1.1. Cell Types and Afferent Fibers -- 5.1.2. Generation of Neurons that Constitute Microcircuits Related to PCs -- 5.1.3. Compartmentalization of the Cerebellum -- 5.2. Development of CF-PC Synapses -- 5.2.1. Multiple Innervation of PCs by CFs in Early Postnatal Period -- 5.2.2. Functional Differentiation of Multiple CFs -- 5.2.3. Dendritic Translocation of Single CFs -- 5.2.4. Early Phase of CF Synapse Elimination -- 5.2.5. Late Phase of CF Synapse Elimination -- 5.3. Development of PF-PC Synapses -- 5.3.1. Formation of PF-PC Synapses -- 5.3.2. Stabilization and Maintenance of PF-PC Synapses -- 5.3.3. Heterosynaptic Competition Between PF and CF Inputs -- 5.4. Development of Inhibitory Synapses from Stellate Cells and Basket Cells to PCs -- 5.4.1. Formation of Basket Cell-PC Synapses -- 5.4.2. Formation of Stellate Cell-PC Synapses -- 5.4.3. Activity-Dependent Remodeling of Inhibitory Synapses -- 5.5. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Dendritic Spines -- 6.1. Introduction.

6.2. General Morphological Characteristics of Dendritic Spines -- 6.3. Variations in Spine Synapse Organization -- 6.4. Molecular Composition and Signaling Mechanisms -- 6.5. Mechanisms of Spine Formation -- 6.6. Spine Dynamics and Development of Synaptic Networks -- 6.7. Spine Alterations and Brain Disease -- 6.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Cortical Columns -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The Cortical Column Nomenclature Reflects the History of Changing Concepts of Cortical Anatomy, Functional Representa ... -- 7.2.1. Is the Isocortex Hexalaminar? -- 7.2.2. The Loose and Uncritical Use of the Term in Ways That Are So Generalized as to Be Unhelpful and Even Confusing -- 7.3. A Lack of Universal Presence of Certain Columns Within Cortical Areas, Brains, and Species Is Undermining the Idea th ... -- 7.3.1. The Use of Physiological Methods to Reveal Columns -- 7.3.2. Columnar Organization of Some Afferent and Efferent Projections -- 7.3.3. Modules of the Visual Cortex -- 7.3.3.1. OD Columns/Stripes -- 7.3.3.2. Orientation Columns -- 7.3.3.3. Gene Expression in the Cortex in `Columnar ́Fashion -- 7.3.4. Overlap Between Columnar Entities Within the Same Structures -- Combining Physiological and Anatomical Definitions -- 7.4. Number of Neurons in a Cortical Column -- 7.4.1. General Concept that the Cortical Column (Even Just an Arbitrary Unit Column that Includes the Full Depth of the Co ... -- 7.5. Lack of Correlation Between the Absence or Presence of Particular Columns and a Specific Sensory or Cognitive Process ... -- 7.5.1. Microscopic and Macroscopic Cell Patterning Defining Cortical Modules -- 7.5.2. Are Barrels Cortical Columns? -- 7.5.3. Microcolumns and Apical Dendritic Bundles -- 7.5.4. Complex Relationship Relations Between Minicolumns and Dendritic Bundles -- 7.5.5. Columns Outside the Mammalian Isocortex.

7.5.6. Columns in Nonmammals -- 7.5.7. What Is the Function of a Cortical Column? -- 7.5.8. Columns in Neuropathology -- 7.6. What Is the Correlation Between the Columnar Development of the Brain and Future Columns? -- 7.6.1. Cortical Columns During Development -- 7.6.2. Ontogenic Units/Columns - The Fundamental Building Blocks in the Developing Neocortex -- 7.6.3. Sibling-Neuron Circuits in the Developing Columns -- 7.6.4. Transient Columnar Domains During Development -- 7.7. Summary and the Way Forward -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Neonatal Cortical Rhythms -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Neocortical Patterns in Premature Human Neonates -- 8.3. The First Organized Cortical Network Patterns in the Neonatal Rodent -- 8.3.1. Spindle- and Gamma-Bursts in Somatosensory Cortex -- 8.3.2. Spindle Bursts and SATs in Visual Cortex -- 8.4. Mechanisms of Early Network Patterns -- 8.5. Discontinuous Temporal Organization of the Early Activity -- 8.6. Early Activity Patterns and the Development of Perception -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Discovery of STDP -- 9.3. Prevalence and Diversity of STDP -- 9.4. Functional Properties of STDP -- 9.5. Cellular Mechanisms of STDP -- 9.5.1. Biochemical Signaling Pathways for Hebbian STDP -- 9.5.2. Biochemical Signaling Pathways for Anti-Hebbian and All-LTD STDP -- 9.5.3. Dendritic Excitability and STDP -- 9.5.4. Neuromodulatory Control of STDP -- 9.6. Is STDP Relevant In Vivo? -- 9.7. Functions of STDP in Development -- 9.7.1. Are Developing Synapses Capable of STDP? -- 9.7.2. What Are the Predicted Functions of STDP in Development, Based on Theory and Simulation? -- 9.7.3. What Developmental Functions Have Been Empirically Demonstrated to Result from STDP In Vivo?.

9.7.3.1. STDP in Emergence of Direction Selectivity in Xenopus tectum.