Timber Construction Manual -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Timber Construction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials -- 1.2.1 Lumber -- 1.2.2 Structural Glued Laminated Timber -- 1.2.3 Heavy Timber Decking -- 1.2.4 Structural Panels -- 1.2.5 Round Timbers -- 1.3 Structural Systems -- 1.3.1 Post and Beam -- 1.3.2 Light Frame Construction -- 1.3.3 Pole Construction -- 1.3.4 Post-Frame Construction -- 1.3.5 Timber Piles -- 1.3.6 Trusses -- 1.3.7 Structural Glued Laminated Timber Arches -- 1.3.8 Diaphragms and Shear Walls -- 1.4 Economy -- 1.4.1 Standard Sizes -- 1.4.2 Volumetric Measure -- 1.4.3 Standard Connection Details -- 1.4.4 Framing Systems -- 1.4.5 Structural Grades -- 1.4.6 Appearance Grades for Structural Glued Laminated Timber -- 1.5 Permanence -- 1.5.1 Wood Decay -- 1.5.2 Mold and Fungal Stains -- 1.5.3 Insects -- 1.5.4 Marine Borers -- 1.5.5 Temperature -- 1.5.6 Chemical Environments -- 1.6 Seasoning -- 1.6.1 Checking -- 1.6.2 Shrinkage -- 1.7 Handling, Storage, and Erection -- 1.7.1 Handling -- 1.7.2 Storage -- 1.7.3 Assembly -- 1.7.4 Erection -- 1.7.5 Bracing -- 1.7.6 Field Cuts -- 1.7.7 Moisture Control -- 1.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Wood Properties -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Hardwoods and Softwoods -- 2.1.2 Heartwood and Sapwood -- 2.1.3 Earlywood and Latewood -- 2.1.4 Grain and Texture -- 2.1.5 Moisture Content -- 2.1.6 Growth Characteristics -- 2.1.7 Directional Properties -- 2.2 Specific Gravity and Specific Weight of Commercial Lumber Species -- 2.2.1 Effect of Adhesives and Preservative Treatments -- 2.3 Dimensional Changes Due to Moisture and Temperature -- 2.3.1 Moisture Content and Shrinkage -- 2.3.2 Dimensional Changes Due to Temperature -- 2.4 Thermal Insulating Properties -- 2.5 Wood in Chemical Environments -- 2.6 Acoustical Properties -- 2.7 Electrical Properties.

2.8 Coefficient of Friction -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Timber Design -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Loads -- 3.2.1 Dead Loads -- 3.2.2 Live Loads -- 3.2.3 Snow Loads -- 3.2.4 Wind Loads -- 3.2.5 Earthquake Loads -- 3.2.6 Highway Loads -- 3.2.7 Railway Loads -- 3.2.8 Crane Loads -- 3.2.9 Dynamic Loads -- 3.2.10 Load Combinations -- 3.2.11 Design Stresses -- 3.3 Design Values -- 3.3.1 Strength Design Values -- 3.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity Design Values -- 3.4 Adjustment Factors -- 3.4.1 Load Duration Factor, CD -- 3.4.2 Wet Service Factor, CM -- 3.4.3 Factors Related to Size and Shape -- 3.4.4 Repetitive Member Factor, Cr -- 3.4.5 Temperature Factor, Ct -- 3.4.6 Bearing Area Factor, Cb -- 3.4.7 Adjustments for Treatments -- 3.4.8 Other Adjustment Factors -- 3.4.9 Summary and Application of Adjustment Factors -- 3.5 Deflection -- 3.6 Camber -- 3.7 Ponding -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Timber Beams -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structural Evaluation of Beams -- 4.2.1 Bending (Flexure) -- 4.2.2 Shear Parallel-to-Grain -- 4.2.3 Deflection -- 4.3 Simple Beams -- 4.3.1 Beams with Continuous Lateral Support -- 4.3.2 Upside-Down Installation -- 4.3.3 Continuous Bracing versus Repetitive Discrete Bracing -- 4.3.4 Unbraced Beams and Partially Braced Beams -- 4.4 Continuous Members -- 4.5 Biaxial Bending (Bending about Both Axes) -- 4.6 Torsion -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Timber Columns and Tension Members -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Column Design Criteria -- 5.3 Rectangular Columns -- 5.3.1 Sawn Lumber Columns -- 5.3.2 Glulam Columns -- 5.4 Round Columns -- 5.5 Tapered Columns -- 5.6 Spaced Columns -- 5.7 Built-Up Columns -- 5.7.1 Nailed Built-up Columns -- 5.7.2 Bolted Built-up Columns -- 5.8 Columns with Flanges -- 5.9 Tension Members -- 5.10 Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Timber Beam-Columns and Tension Beams -- 6.1 Introduction.

6.1.1 Application of Volume Factor for Beam-Columns -- 6.1.2 End Eccentricity -- 6.1.3 Unbalanced or Cambered Glulam Members -- 6.2 General Equation for Beam-Columns -- 6.3 Centric Axial Compression and Side Load Bending about Both Axes -- 6.4 Centric Axial Compression and Side Load Bending about Strong Axis Only -- 6.5 Eccentric Axial Compression Only -- 6.6 Axial Compression Eccentricity in Strong Direction Only -- 6.7 Columns with Side Brackets -- 6.8 Combined Axial Tension and Bending -- 6.9 Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Tapered Beams -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Stress Interaction, Volume, and Beam Stability Factors -- 7.1.2 Field Taper versus Manufactured Taper -- 7.1.3 Camber in Tapered Beams -- 7.2 Tapered Beam Design -- 7.2.1 End Depth Based on Shear -- 7.2.2 Location of Maximum Bending Stress -- 7.3 Beams with Tapered End Cuts -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Curved Glulam Beams -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Shear Reduction Factor, Cvr -- 8.1.2 Curvature Factor, Cc -- 8.1.3 Minimum Radii of Curvature -- 8.1.4 Radial Stresses -- 8.1.5 Radial Reinforcement -- 8.2 Curved Beams with Constant Depth -- 8.2.1 Radial Stress -- 8.2.2 Flexure -- 8.2.3 Deflection -- 8.3 Pitched and Tapered Curved Beams -- 8.3.1 Radial Stress -- 8.3.2 Bending Stress -- 8.3.4 Design Procedure for Pitched and Tapered Curved Beams -- 8.4 Pitched and Tapered Curved Beams with Mechanically Attached Haunch -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Glulam Arches -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Preliminary Design Procedure -- 9.2.1 Choose Angles of Taper, Radius of Curvature, Wall Height, Peak Height, Span, and Arch Width -- 9.2.2 Choose Material Properties (Species, Design Stresses: Fbx, Fvx) -- 9.2.3 Locate Approximate Tangent Points -- 9.2.4 Calculate the Reactions and Pin Forces for Balanced and Unbalanced Snow Loads -- 9.2.5 Estimate the Required Depth at the Lower Tangent Point, dLT.

9.2.6 Estimate the Required Depth at the Base -- 9.2.7 Estimate the Required Depth at the Crown -- 9.2.8 Finalize Trial Geometry and Draw Arch to Scale -- 9.3 Conclusion -- Chapter 10 Heavy Timber Decking -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Installation Requirements -- 10.2.1 Nailing Schedule -- 10.2.2 Moisture Content -- 10.2.3 Installation Patterns -- 10.3 Design Formulas -- 10.4 Section Properties -- 10.5 Decking Design Values -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Chapter 11 Connections in Timber Structures -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Connection Detailing Principles -- 11.2.1 Accommodating Member Shrinkage -- 11.2.2 Avoiding Tension Perpendicular-to-Grain Loading -- 11.2.3 Minimizing Moisture Problems -- 11.2.4 Construction Documents -- 11.3 Types of Fasteners -- 11.3.1 Dowel-Type Fasteners -- 11.3.2 Shear Plates and Split Rings -- 11.3.3 Other Fasteners -- 11.3.4 Wood Joinery -- 11.4 Reference Design Values for Fasteners -- 11.4.1 Specific Gravity -- 11.4.2 Angle of Load to Grain -- 11.5 Adjustment Factors -- 11.5.1 Load Duration Factor, CD -- 11.5.2 Wet-Service Factor, CM -- 11.5.3 Temperature Factor, Ct -- 11.5.4 Group Action Factor, Cg -- 11.5.5 Geometry Factor, C -- 11.5.6 Penetration Depth Factor, Cd -- 11.5.7 End Grain Factor, Ceg -- 11.5.8 Metal Side Plate Factor, Cst -- 11.5.9 Diaphragm Factor, Cdi -- 11.5.10 Toenail Factor, Ctn -- 11.5.11 Effect of Treatment -- 11.6 Conclusion -- Chapter 12 Member Capacity at Connections -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Member Capacity at Connections Loaded Perpendicular-to-Grain -- 12.2.1 Bearing Connection with Unaltered Cross-Section -- 12.2.2 Bearing Connection with Tension-Face Notch -- 12.2.3 Bearing Connection with Compression-Face Notch -- 12.2.4 Connections Using Mechanical Fasteners -- 12.3 Member Capacity at Connections Loaded Parallel-to-Grain -- 12.3.1 Net Section Fracture -- 12.3.2 Row Tear-Out.

12.3.3 Group Tear-Out -- 12.3.4 Design to Prevent Row and Group Tear-Out -- 12.4 Member Capacity at Connections Loaded at an Angle to Grain -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 13 Dowel-Type Fasteners -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Dowel-Type Fasteners Loaded Laterally -- 13.2.1 Special Considerations for Lag Screws and Wood Screws -- 13.2.2 Special Considerations for Nails and Spikes -- 13.2.3 Geometry Factor for Bolts, Lag Screws, and Drift Pins -- 13.2.4 Single Shear Connections -- 13.2.5 Double Shear Connections -- 13.2.6 Metal to Wood Connections -- 13.2.7 Wood to Concrete Connections -- 13.3 Dowel-Type Fasteners Loaded in Withdrawal -- 13.3.1 Placement of Fasteners for Withdrawal -- 13.3.2 Withdrawal from End Grain -- 13.4 Dowel-Type Fasteners Loaded Laterally and in Withdrawal -- 13.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 14 Shear Plates and Split Rings -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Connectors in Side Grain -- 14.2.1 Reference Design Values -- 14.2.2 Metal Side Plate Factor for Shear Plates -- 14.2.3 Geometry Factor, C , for Split Rings and Shear Plates -- 14.3 Timber Connectors in End Grain -- 14.3.1 Design Values for Connectors in End Grain -- 14.3.2 Geometry Factor for Connectors in End Grain -- 14.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 15 Moment Splices -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Shear Transfer -- 15.3 Moment Transfer -- 15.3.1 Elastic Analysis of the Uncut Section -- 15.3.2 Fastener Stiffness and Placement -- 15.3.3 Neutral Axis Location and Force Distribution -- 15.3.4 Evaluation of Connection -- 15.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 16 Load and Resistance Factor Design -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Design Values and Adjustment Factors -- 16.2.1 Time Effect Factor -- 16.2.2 Format Conversion Factors for Use with NDS -- 16.2.3 Resistance Factors -- 16.2.4 Applicability of Adjustment Factors -- 16.3 Design Checks -- 16.4 Conclusion.

Chapter 17 Timber Bridges.