Construction Science and Materials -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of units, prefixes and symbols -- 1: Using a scientific calculator -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Keys of a scientific calculator -- References/Further reading -- 2: Units and their conversion -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Length -- 2.3 Mass -- 2.4 Area, volume and capacity -- 2.5 Temperature -- References/Further reading -- 3: Introduction to physics -- 3.1 Speed and velocity -- 3.2 Acceleration -- 3.3 Mass -- 3.4 Gravitation -- 3.5 Weight -- 3.6 Volume -- 3.7 Density -- 3.8 Specific gravity -- 3.9 Newton's f irst law of motion -- 3.10 Newton's second law of motion -- 3.11 Newton's third law of motion -- 3.12 Friction -- 3.13 Work -- 3.14 Energy -- 3.14.1 Potential energy -- 3.14.2 Kinetic energy -- 3.15 Power -- References/Further reading -- 4: Introduction to chemistry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electrovalency and covalency -- 4.2.1 Covalent bond -- 4.3 Elements and compounds -- 4.4 Symbols and formulae -- 4.5 Acids and bases -- 4.5.1 Acids -- 4.5.2 Bases -- References/Further reading -- 5: Effects of chemicals and atmosphere on materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Oxidation -- 5.2.1 Experiment: To show that oxygen (or air) and water are necessary for the rusting of iron -- 5.3 Electrolysis -- 5.4 Electrolytic corrosion -- 5.4.1 Examples of electrolytic corrosion -- 5.4.2 Protection of steel from corrosion -- 5.5 Applications of electrolysis -- 5.5.1 Electroplating -- 5.5.2 Extraction of aluminium -- 5.6 Acid rain -- References/Further reading -- 6: Electricity -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Coulomb's law -- 6.3 Electric current -- 6.4 Potential difference -- 6.5 Electromotive force (e.m.f.) -- 6.6 Ohm's law -- 6.7 Electrical resistivity and conductivity -- 6.8 Resistors in series/parallel -- 6.8.1 Resistors in series -- 6.8.2 Resistors in parallel -- 6.9 Transformers.

6.10 Power generation -- 6.11 Power distribution -- 6.12 Supply to small buildings -- References/Further reading -- 7: Introduction to construction technology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Substructure and superstructure -- 7.2.1 Soil investigation -- 7.3 Foundations -- 7.3.1 Settlement -- 7.4 Forms of construction -- 7.5 The external envelope -- 7.5.1 Ground f loors -- 7.5.2 Cavity walls -- 7.5.3 Suspended timber upper f loors -- 7.5.4 Roofs -- References/Further reading -- 8: Thermal energy 1 -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Temperature -- 8.2.1 Temperature scales -- 8.3 Units of heat -- 8.4 States of matter -- 8.4.1 Changes in the physical state -- 8.4.2 Experiment: The physical states of water -- 8.5 Expansion and contraction of solids -- 8.5.1 Linear expansion -- 8.5.2 Experiment: Determination of coefficient of linear expansion -- 8.5.3 Practical examples of expansion and contraction -- 8.6 Heat transfer -- 8.6.1 Conduction -- 8.6.2 Experiment: To compare the thermal conductivity of metals -- 8.6.3 Convection -- 8.6.4 Practical examples of convection -- 8.6.5 Radiation -- References/Further reading -- 9: Thermal energy and humidity -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Thermal insulation -- 9.2.1 Experiment: To compare the thermal insulation values of expanded polystyrene, vermiculite, mineral wool, glass f ibre and cork -- 9.3 Heat transmission -- 9.3.1 Thermal conductivity -- 9.3.2 Thermal resistivity (r) -- 9.3.3 Thermal resistance (R) -- 9.4 Thermal transmittance -- 9.5 Heat loss from buildings -- 9.6 Temperature drop through materials -- 9.7 Humidity -- 9.7.1 Measurement of relative humidity -- 9.8 Condensation -- 9.8.1 The psychrometric chart -- 9.8.2 Prevention of surface condensation -- 9.8.3 Interstitial condensation -- 9.8.4 Prevention of interstitial condensation -- References/Further reading -- 10: Forces and structures 1 -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Force -- 10.2.1 Internal and external forces -- 10.3 Bending -- 10.3.1 Deflection -- 10.4 Types of loading -- 10.4.1 Dead load -- 10.4.2 Imposed load -- 10.4.3 Wind load -- 10.4.4 Loading from other effects -- 10.4.5 Point load -- 10.4.6 Uniformly distributed load -- 10.4.7 Triangular load -- 10.5 Stress and strain -- 10.5.1 Stress -- 10.5.2 Strain -- 10.6 Elasticity -- 10.6.1 Experiment 1: Proof of Hooke's law -- 10.6.2 Experiment 2: Proof of Hooke's law -- 10.6.3 Factor of safety -- References/Further reading -- 11: Forces and structures 2 -- 11.1 Moment of a force -- 11.1.1 Sign convention -- 11.2 Laws of equilibrium -- 11.3 Analysis of beams -- 11.3.1 Beam reactions -- 11.3.2 Shear force (S.F.) -- 11.3.3 Bending moment (B.M.) -- 11.4 Triangle of forces -- 11.4.1 Bow's notation -- 11.4.2 Frames and roof trusses -- References/Further reading -- 12: Fluid mechanics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Pressure of f luids at rest -- 12.2.1 Why do the liquids f low? -- 12.2.2 Centre of pressure -- 12.3 The f low of a f luid -- 12.3.1 Flow rate -- 12.3.2 Bernoulli's theorem -- 12.3.3 The venturimeter -- 12.3.4 Flow in pipes: energy loss -- 12.4 Flow in open channels -- References/Further reading -- 13: Sound -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Frequency, wavelength and velocity of sound -- 13.2.1 Frequency (f) -- 13.2.2 Wavelength (λ) -- 13.2.3 Velocity (v) -- 13.3 Measurement of sound -- 13.3.1 Threshold values of sound -- 13.3.2 The decibel scale -- 13.4 Addition of sound levels -- 13.4.1 Approximate addition of sound levels -- 13.5 Transmission of sound in buildings -- 13.5.1 Noise -- 13.5.2 Requirements of sound insulation -- 13.5.3 Sound-insulation techniques -- 13.5.4 Noise in a workplace -- 13.5.5 Measurement of sound insulation -- 13.6 Sound absorption -- 13.6.1 Reverberation -- 13.6.2 Reverberation time -- 13.6.3 Types of sound absorbers.

13.7 Sound level meter -- References/Further reading -- 14: Light -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Additive and subtractive colours -- 14.3 Units for measuring light -- 14.3.1 Angular measure -- 14.3.2 Solid angle -- 14.3.3 Luminous intensity (I) -- 14.3.4 Luminous f lux (F) -- 14.3.5 Illuminance (E) -- 14.3.6 Luminance -- 14.4 Inverse square law of illuminance -- 14.5 Lambert's cosine law of illuminance -- 14.6 Lamps and luminaires -- 14.7 Design of interior lighting -- 14.7.1 Light output ratio -- 14.7.2 Direct ratio -- 14.7.3 Room index -- 14.7.4 Reflection of light -- 14.7.5 Level of illuminance -- 14.7.6 Utilisation factor (UF) -- 14.7.7 Maintenance factor (MF) -- 14.7.8 Lumen design method -- 14.7.9 SHR -- 14.8 Light meter -- 14.9 Daylighting -- 14.9.1 Uniform sky -- 14.9.2 CIE standard overcast sky -- 14.9.3 Daylight factor -- 14.9.4 Components of daylight factor -- 14.9.5 Prediction of daylight factors -- References/Further reading -- 15: Human comfort -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Temperature -- 15.2.1 Air temperature -- 15.2.2 Mean radiant temperature -- 15.2.3 Environmental temperature -- 15.2.4 Dry resultant temperature -- 15.2.5 Activity -- 15.2.6 Clothing -- 15.3 Air movement -- 15.4 Humidity -- 15.5 Ventilation -- 15.6 Noise -- 15.7 Lighting -- References/Further reading -- 16: Construction materials -- 16.1 Bricks -- 16.1.1 Clay bricks -- 16.1.2 Size -- 16.1.3 Classification -- 16.1.4 Manufacture -- 16.1.5 Properties -- 16.1.6 Deterioration of brickwork -- 16.1.7 Environmental implications -- 16.1.8 COSHH -- 16.2 Aerated concrete blocks -- 16.2.1 Manufacture -- 16.2.2 Sizes -- 16.2.3 Properties -- 16.2.4 Environmental implications -- 16.3 Cement -- 16.3.1 Raw materials -- 16.3.2 Manufacture -- 16.3.3 Setting and hardening of cement -- 16.3.4 Constituents of portland cement -- 16.3.5 Types of cement -- 16.3.6 Compressive strength.

16.3.7 Environmental implications -- 16.3.8 COSHH -- 16.4 Concrete -- 16.4.1 Raw materials -- 16.4.2 Manufacture of concrete -- 16.4.3 Concrete mix -- 16.4.4 Properties of fresh concrete -- 16.4.5 Properties of hardened concrete -- 16.4.6 Deterioration of concrete -- 16.4.7 Environmental implications -- 16.5 Metals -- 16.5.1 Ferrous metals -- 16.5.2 Raw materials -- 16.5.3 Manufacturing process -- 16.5.4 Iron and its alloys -- 16.5.5 Properties of steel -- 16.5.6 Corrosion of iron/steel -- 16.5.7 Environmental implications -- 16.5.8 Non-ferrous metal: aluminium -- 16.5.9 Raw materials -- 16.5.10 Properties -- 16.5.11 Environmental implications -- 16.6 Timber -- 16.6.1 Seasoning -- 16.6.2 Properties -- 16.6.3 Deterioration -- 16.6.4 Preservation -- 16.6.5 Environmental implications -- 16.7 Plastics -- 16.7.1 Raw materials and manufacture -- 16.7.2 Classification -- 16.7.3 Properties and uses -- References/Further reading -- 17: Assignments -- 17.1 Assignments for Level 2 courses -- 17.1.1 Assignment No. 1 -- 17.1.2 Assignment No. 2 -- 17.1.3 Assignment No. 3 -- 17.2 Assignments for Level 3/4 courses -- 17.2.1 Assignment No. 1 -- 17.2.2 Assignment No. 2 -- 17.2.3 Assignment No. 3 -- Appendix 1: Formulae for Example 9.2 -- Appendix 2: Solutions for Example 13.10 -- Appendix 3: Answers to Exercises -- Index -- color plate.