Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- 1 Introduction to life cycle costing -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The problem -- 1.3 The methods -- 1.3.1 Simple payback -- 1.3.2 Nett present value -- 1.3.3 Internal rate of return -- 1.4 Sensitivity analysis -- 1.5 Selection of the nett of inflation discount rate -- 1.6 The application of life cycle costing -- 1.6.1 The developer -- 1.6.2 The institutional investor -- 1.6.3 The business -- 1.6.4 The public sector -- 1.6.5 Other uses -- 1.7 Value engineering -- References -- Bibliography -- 2 Life cycle costing related to reliability-based and optimum design -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The basic reliability theory -- 2.2.1 Example 1 -- 2.2.2 Example 2 -- 2.3 Optimum design -- 2.4 Reliability-based optimum design -- 2.4.1 Example 3 -- 2.5 Reliability-based optimal reinforcement cover thickness in a concrete slab for life cycle enhancement -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 3 Life cycle costing related to the refurbishment of buildings -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Insulation measures -- 3.3 Replacing windows -- 3.4 Weatherstripping -- 3.5 Exhaust-air heat pump -- 3.6 Other building or installation retrofits -- 3.7 Heating system retrofits -- 3.8 Sensitivity analysis -- 3.9 Linear programming techniques -- 3.10 Summary -- References -- 4 Life cycle costing of highways -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Choosing between highway investments -- 4.1.2 Highway agency costs -- 4.1.3 Road user costs -- 4.1.4 Other costs -- 4.1.5 Changing costs over time -- 4.1.6 The relevance of life cycle costing to highways -- 4.2 Historical background -- 4.2.1 City of London, 1870 -- 4.2.2 Road Reasearch Laboratory, 1969 -- 4.2.3 The MIT model -- 4.2.4 The TRRL road investment model (RTIM) -- 4.2.5 The World Bank's HDM model -- 4.2.6 The Department of Transport's COBA and URECA models.

4.2.7 The TRRL whole life cost model -- 4.2.8 Other approaches to life cycle costing -- 4.3 Traffic -- 4.4 Construction costs -- 4.4.1 Road geometry -- 4.4.2 Pavement design -- 4.4.3 Drainage and structures -- 4.4.4 Cost estimating -- 4.5 Deterioration and maintenance -- 4.5.1 Bitumen surfaced roads -- 4.5.2 Roughness -- 4.5.3 Concrete roads -- 4.5.4 Unpaved roads -- 4.5.5 Maintenance -- 4.6 Road user costs -- 4.6.1 Vehicle operating costs -- 4.6.2 Fuel consumption -- 4.6.3 Spare parts consumption -- 4.6.4 Time savings -- 4.6.5 Reduction in road accidents -- 4.6.6 Wider economic benefits -- 4.7 Consequences -- References -- 5 Life cycle costing in the defence industry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Optimal solution to a design requirement -- 5.2.1 Procedures -- 5.3 The defence procurement process -- 5.3.1 Gestation process -- 5.3.2 The Feasibility Study -- 5.3.3 Project Definition -- 5.3.4 Full Development -- 5.4 Funding defence expenditure -- 5.5 Forecasting the life costs of a project -- 5.5.1 First costs -- 5.5.2 Operating costs -- 5.5.3 Serviceability -- 5.6 Defence contracts -- 5.7 Summary -- 6 The quality approach to design and life cycle costing in the health services -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Design and the life cycle -- 6.3 Designing for construction costs -- 6.4 Design quality -- 6.5 Designing for life cycle costs -- 6.6 Life cycle costs of bridges -- 6.7 Life cycle costs in hospitals -- 6.7.1 Academic hospital costs -- 6.8 Academic hospitals in the health-care system -- 6.9 Effect of the system on costs -- 6.9.1 Bottom-up health care -- 6.9.2 Funding and payment -- 6.10 Conclusions -- References -- 7 How life cycle costing could have improved existing costing -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Review -- 7.3 The importance of forecasting -- 7.4 Predicting the future -- 7.5 The common issues -- 7.6 Advantages of life cycle costing.

7.7 Life cycle costing applications -- 7.7.1 At inception -- 7.7.2 At the design stage -- 7.7.3 At the construction stage -- 7.7.4 During the project's use and occupation -- 7.7.5 At procurement -- 7.7.6 In energy conservation -- 7.8 Kinds of uncertainty -- 7.8.1 Life expectancy -- 7.8.2 Data difficulties -- 7.8.3 Technological change -- 7.8.4 Fashion changes -- 7.8.5 Cost and value changes -- 7.8.6 Policy and decision-making changes -- 7.8.7 Accuracy -- 7.9 Historical perspectives -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Life cycle cost analysis: a decision aid -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Project decisions -- 8.3 Timing -- 8.4 Depth -- 8.5 Refinement and evolution -- 8.6 Scope -- 8.7 Life -- 8.8 LCC content -- 8.9 Treatment of system costs -- 8.9.1 Inflation -- 8.9.2 Discounting -- 8.9.3 Sunk costs -- 8.9.4 Inherited investments -- 8.9.5 Disposals -- 8.9.6 In-service development -- 8.10 LCC study implementation -- 8.11 Value -- 8.12 Uncertainty and risk -- 8.13 Resources -- 8.14 Calculation of life cycle costs -- 8.15 Summary -- 9 The way ahead for life cycle costing in the construction industry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Further considerations -- 9.3 Summary of chapters -- 9.3.1 Some methods used in LCC analysis -- 9.3.2 Practical examples of LCC analysis -- 9.3.3 Difficulties to be considered in LCC analysis -- 9.3.4 LCC analysis as a decision tool -- 9.4 Considerations and conclusions -- Index.