Contents -- Summaries -- 1 The Wind -- 1.1 Global Circulation -- 1.2 Extratropical Cyclones or Temperate Systems -- 1.3 Strong Wind Speeds -- 1.3.1. Mean Velocity Profile -- 1.3.2. Turbulence Profile -- 1.3.3. Spectral Density Function -- 1.3.4. Length Scales of Turbulence -- 1.4. Stability of the Atmosphere -- 1.4.1. Definition -- 1.4.2. Implications -- 1.5. Application to the Wind Engineer -- 1.5.1. Displacement Height and Ground Roughness -- 1.5.2. Reference Wind Speed -- 1.5.3. Justification for Using Strong Wind Data -- 2. Flow Around Bluff Bodies in Turbulent Flow -- 2.1. Shear-free Flow (Two Dimensional) -- 2.1.1. Dynamic Similarity -- 2.1.2. Separation and Reattachment -- 2.1.3. Difference between Sharp-Edges and Rounded Buildings -- 2.1.4. Oscillatory Flow Patterns -- 2.1.5. Special Shapes -- 2.2. Shear Flow -- 2.2.1. Three Dimensional Flow -- 2.2.2. Leading Edge Vortices -- 2.2.3. Separation Bubble on Roof -- 2.2.4. Effect of Proximity of Other Buildings -- 3. Wind Loading -- 3.1. Quasi-Static Approach -- 3.1.1. Buffeting -- 3.1.2. Relation between Peak Value of Wind Speed and Pressure Coefficient -- 3.1.3. Effect of Size (TVL Formula) -- 3.1.4. Correlation Across Faces -- 3.1.3. Effect of Proximity of Other Buildings (Funnelling) -- 3.1.6. Extreme Values of Pressure -- 3.1.7. Values of Internal Pressure -- 3.1.8. Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.1.9. Calculation of Loads and Moments from Measurement of Pressure -- 3.1.10 Divergence -- 3.2. Fully Dynamic -- 3.2.1. Equations of Motion -- 3.2.2. Measurement of Damping -- 3.2.3. Equation of Motion for a Whole Member: Generalised Mode Displacement -- 3.2.4. Lateral (or Cross Wind) Galloping -- 3.2.5. Wake Galloping -- 3.2.6. Torsional Galloping and Divergence -- 3.2.7. Reynolds Number Excitation (Drag Saddles) -- 3.2.8. Flow Switching -- 3.2.9. Flutter.

3.3. Mildly Dynamic Approach -- 3.3.1. Mechanical Admittance Factor -- 3.3.2. Dynamic Augmentation Factor -- 3.3.3. Effect of Natural Frequency -- 3.3.4. Effect of Damping -- 3.3.5. Excitation of Harmonics -- 3.3.6. Dynamic Augmentation Factor Calculation -- 3.3.7. Effect of Size -- 3.4. Dampers -- 3.4.1. The Addition of a Damper When There is Relative Movement between Two Parts of the Structure -- 3.4.2. Dampers Providing a Reference Point -- 4. Wind Environment -- 4.1. Effect of Temperature -- 4.2. General Points and Typical Pit-falls -- 4.3. Wind Tunnel Investigation -- 4.3.1. Criteria of Acceptability -- 4.4. Response to Vibration -- 5. Rain and Snow -- 5.1. Rain -- 5.1.1. Terminal Velocity -- 5.1.2. Size of Rain Drops -- 5.1.3. Effect of Wind -- 5.1.4. Impingement of Rain on a Vertical Wall -- 5.1.5. Protection from the Rain -- 5.1.6. Louvres -- 5.1.7. Calculations Which Can Be Made -- 5.2 Snow -- 5.2.1. Data on Snowflakes -- 6. Ventilation -- 6.1 Assumptions made -- 6.2. Natural Systems -- 6.2.1. Losses through Openings -- 6.2.2. Effect of Partitions -- 6.2.3. Values for Losses -- 6.2.4. The Value of the Internal Pressure and Calculation Procedure -- 6.2.5. Two Separate Votumes Joined by an Opening -- 6.2.6. A Central Building with Multiple Satellites -- 6.3. Forced Systems -- 6.3.1. Wind Tunnel Calculations -- 6.3.2. Choice of Fans -- 6.4 Car Parks -- 6.4.1. Natural Ventilation -- 6.4.2. Mechanical Ventilation -- 6.4.3. Hybrid Systems -- 7. Fire -- 7.1. Natural Systems -- 7.2. Forced Systems -- 7.3. Smoke Zones -- 7.4. Make-up Air -- 7.5. False Ceilings -- 7.6. Escape Routes -- 8. Emissions from Buildings -- 8.1. The General Flow Pattern -- 8.2. Breaking Cleanly at the Top of a Chimney -- 8.2.1. Dynamic Similarity for Tall Chimneys -- 8.2.2. The Value of the Velocity Ratio.

8.2.3. Influence of Adjoining Buildings or Members -- 8.2.4. Importance of Parameters -- 8.2.5. Ground Level Concentration -- 8.2.6. Concentration on Emission -- 8.2.7. Vertical Velocities and Inversions etc. -- 8.2.8. Dealing with Many Chimneys on a Building -- 8.3. Emissions from the Roof of a Building -- 8.4. Measurement of Concentrations -- 8.5. The Chimney Effect -- 9. Sailing -- 9.1 The Problem -- 9.2. The Theory -- 9.3 Application -- 10. Experimental Methods -- 10.1 Wind Tunnels -- 10.1.1. The Effect of Shear and Turbulence -- 10.1.2. Generation of an Atmospheric Boundary Layer in a Wind Tunnel -- 10.1.3. Measurement of Velocity -- 10.1.4. Measurement of Pressure -- 10.1.5. Measurement of Quasi-Static Loads -- 10.1.6. Measurement of Dynamic Loads -- 10.1.7. Concentrations in Emissions -- 10.2. Computer Fluid Dynamics -- 11. Necessary Statistics -- 11.1. Definitions -- 11.1.1. Magnitude or Size -- 11.1.2. Frequency or Time -- 11.2 Measurement of Magnitude -- 11.2.1. Moments of the Probability Density Function -- 11.2.2. Transformation of Variables -- 11.2.3. Special Distributions -- 11.3. Measurement of Time or Frequency -- 11.3.1. Spectral Density Function -- 11.3.2. Two-sided Spectral Density Function -- 11.3.3. Aliasing -- 11.3.4. Effect of Instrumentation Averaging Time and Sample Length -- 11.3.5. Accuracy of Fast Fourrier Transform -- 11.4 Two Point Correlation -- 11.5 Extreme Values -- 11.5.1. Basic Theories -- 11.5.2. Extremes Knowing Maxima of a Number of Samples -- 11.5.3. Extreme Values from the Weibull Distribution for Wind Speed -- References -- Subject Index.