CONTENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION TO ISCHEMIC CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE -- ISCHEMIC STROKE AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM -- Mortality -- Disability -- Economic Consequences of Stroke -- Health Care Systems -- Stroke Advocacy -- Future Trends -- TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF ISCHEMIC STROKE -- General Terms -- Types of Ischemic Events -- VASCULAR INFRASTRUCTURE -- ISCHEMIC STROKE AS A SYMPTOM -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC STROKE -- PROGNOSIS -- 2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC STROKE -- NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS -- Age -- Sex -- Ethnicity and Geography -- Social and Economic Status -- Family History of Vascular Disease -- Environmental Factors -- COMMON POTENTIALLY CONTROLLABLE RISK FACTORS -- Arterial Hypertension -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Elevated Blood Lipids -- Obesity -- Other Dietary Factors -- Physical Inactivity -- Hyperhomocystinemia -- Tobacco Use -- Alcohol Use -- Drug Abuse -- Post-menopausal Use of Estrogens -- Oral Contraceptives -- Migraine -- OTHER RISK FACTORS -- Infections -- Snoring, Sleep Apnea, and Pulmonary Disease -- SYMPTOMATIC DISEASE IN OTHER ARTERIAL TERRITORIES -- HEART DISEASE -- 3. PRESENTATIONS OF ISCHEMIC STROKE AND TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK -- TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK -- Keys to Diagnosis of Transient Ischemic Attack -- Differentiating Symptoms in Carotid or Vertebrobasilar Circulations -- Symptoms of Carotid Arterial Circulation -- Vertebrobasilar Arterial Circulation -- Examination of Patients with Suspected Transient Ischemic Attack -- DIAGNOSIS OF ISCHEMIC STROKE -- Clinical Features of Ischemic Stroke -- Differential Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke -- Examination of Patients with Ischemic Stroke -- Stroke Scales -- MANIFESTATIONS OF ISCHEMIC STROKE OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES -- Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion -- Proximal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion -- Striatocapsular and Subcortical Lacunar Infarction.

Occlusion of the Bifurcation of the Middle Cerebral Artery -- Insular Infarction -- Occlusion of Branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery -- Borderzone Infarction -- Centrum Semiovale Infarction -- Anterior Choroidal Artery Occlusion -- Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion -- Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion -- Thalamic Infarction and Top-of-the-Basilar Occlusion -- Posterior Choroidal Artery Occlusion -- MANIFESTATIONS OF ISCHEMIC STROKE IN THE BRAIN STEM AND CEREBELLUM -- Medullary Infarction and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Occlusion -- Pontine Infarction and Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Occlusion -- Basilar Artery Occlusion -- Mesencephalic Infarction and Superior Cerebellar Artery Occlusion -- Cerebellar Infarction -- LACUNAR SYNDROMES -- 4. EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH A TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK OR AN ISCHEMIC STROKE -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- IMAGING OF THE BRAIN -- Computed Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS -- Electroencephalography -- Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination -- ASSESSMENT OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND BRAIN METABOLISM -- Positron Emission Tomography -- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography -- Functional Computed Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy -- IMAGING OF EXTRACRANIAL AND INTRACRANIAL ARTERIES -- Arteriography and Digital Subtraction Angiography -- Digital Intravenous Subtraction Angiography -- Carotid Artery Duplex -- Ultrasonography of the Vertebral and Cervical Arteries -- Other Non-invasive Studies of the Carotid Circulation -- Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography -- Magnetic Resonance Angiography -- Computed Tomography Angiography -- EVALUATION OF THE HEART -- Electrocardiography and Chest X-ray -- Cardiac Rhythm Monitoring -- Studies to Screen for Coronary Artery Disease -- CARDIAC IMAGING FOR A SOURCE OF EMBOLI.

Transthoracic Echocardiography -- Transesophageal Echocardiography -- Ultrafast Computed Tomography Imaging of the Heart -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart -- OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS -- 5. ATHEROSCLEROTIC CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE -- GENERAL FEATURES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS -- Course of Atherosclerosis -- Fracturing of the Cap and Acute Thrombosis -- Hypoperfusion -- CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF CEREBROVASCULAR ATHEROSCLEROSIS -- LARGE ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS -- Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis or Occlusion -- Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Bruit -- Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Plaque or Stenosis -- Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis -- Other Sites of Intracranial Arterial Stenosis -- Binswanger Disease -- Basilar Artery Stenosis -- Dolichoectasia of the Basilar Artery -- Vertebral Artery Atherosclerosis -- Atherosclerosis of the Great Vessels Arising from the Arch of the Aorta -- Atherosclerosis of the Arch of the Aorta -- Dissection of the Ascending Aorta -- Other Atherosclerotic Disease of the Aorta -- SMALL VESSEL OCCLUSIVE (LACUNAR) DISEASE -- Lacunar Syndromes -- Lacunar Stroke -- Treatment -- 6. CARDIAC SOURCES OF EMBOLISM -- CATEGORIES OF HEART DISEASE THAT LEAD TO EMBOLISM -- Higher- and Lower-Risk Cardiac Diseases -- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION -- Higher- and Lower-Risk Situations -- Echocardiographic Findings -- Sustained or Intermittent Atrial Fibrillation -- Management of Atrial Fibrillation -- Prevention of Embolism -- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE -- Acute Myocardial Infarction -- Ventricular Aneurysm and Ischemic Cardiomyopathy -- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE -- Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease -- Patent Foramen Ovale -- Atrial Septal Aneurysm -- VALVULAR HEART DISEASE -- Rheumatic Valvular Disease -- Mitral Valve Prolapse -- Mitral Annulus Calcification -- Aortic Valve Calcification and Aortic Stenosis -- Prosthetic Heart Valves -- OTHER CARDIAC CONDITIONS.

Infective Endocarditis -- Non-bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis -- Libman-Sacks Endocarditis -- Atrial Myxoma -- Dilated Cardiomyopathy -- Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis -- CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES DETECTED DURING EVALUATION -- Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast -- Valvular Strands -- Lambl's Excrescence -- CARDIOVASCULAR PROCEDURES -- Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Arteriography -- Left Ventricular Assist Devices -- Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Other Cardiac Operations -- Cardiac Transplantation -- NON-CARDIAC OR NON-THROMBOTIC CAUSES OF EMBOLISM -- Air Embolism -- Fat Embolism -- Amniotic Fluid Embolism -- Other Types of Embolism -- Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation -- 7. NON-ATHEROSCLEROTIC VASCULOPATHIES -- NON-INFLAMMATORY VASCULOPATHIES -- Arterial Dissection -- Arterial Injuries -- Radiation-Induced Vasculopathy -- Fibromuscular Dysplasia -- Buerger Disease -- Intracranial Saccular Aneurysms -- Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum -- Moyamoya Disease and Moyamoya Syndrome -- INFECTIOUS VASCULOPATHIES -- Syphilis -- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -- Herpes Zoster -- Cysticercosis -- Bacterial and Fungal Meningitis -- Aspergillosis -- Mucormycosis -- Cat-Scratch Disease -- Malaria -- Whipple Disease -- Behçet Disease -- INFLAMMATORY, NON-INFECTIOUS VASCULOPATHIES -- Isolated Central Nervous System Vasculitis -- Cogan Syndrome -- Eale Disease -- Periarteritis Nodosa -- Wegener Disease -- Churg-Strauss Angiitis -- Takayasu Disease -- Giant Cell Arteritis -- Sjögren Syndrome -- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- Scleroderma -- Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Sarcoidosis -- 8. PRO-THROMBOTIC STATES -- GENERAL FEATURES OF PRO-THROMBOTIC DISEASES -- General Clinical Features -- Frequency of Hypercoagulable Causes of Ischemic Stroke -- CELLULAR PRO-THROMBOTIC DISORDERS -- Polycythemia -- Anemia.

Sickle Cell Disease -- Thrombocytosis -- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura/Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome -- Heparin-Associated Thrombocytopenia -- Leukemia -- PRO-THROMBOTIC DISORDERS OF PLASMA PROTEINS -- Decreased Protein C Activity -- Decreased Protein S Activity -- Decreased Antithrombin III Activity -- Factor V Leiden/Activated Protein C Resistance -- Prothrombin G20210A Mutation -- Deficiency of Heparin Cofactor II -- Deficiency of Plasminogen -- Increased Fibrinogen Concentration -- Thalassemia -- Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome -- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia -- Antiphospholipid Antibodies/Lupus Anticoagulant -- Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis -- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation -- Other Disorders of Coagulation -- HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES SECONDARY TO OTHER CONDITIONS -- Pregnancy and Puerperium -- Oral Contraceptives -- Cancer and Chemotherapy -- Dehydration -- Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria -- Nephrotic Syndrome -- Sepsis and Inflammation -- Other Diseases -- 9. STROKE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS AND GENETIC CAUSES OF STROKE -- ISCHEMIC STROKE IN CHILDHOOD -- Arterial Diseases -- Pro-thrombotic Conditions -- Cardioembolism -- Prognosis -- ISCHEMIC STROKE IN YOUNG ADULTS -- Atherosclerosis -- Non-atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases -- Cardioembolism -- Pro-thrombotic Conditions -- Prognosis -- CAUSES OF STROKE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO YOUNG ADULTS -- Susac Syndrome -- Migraine -- Pregnancy and Puerperium -- Oral Contraceptives -- Alcohol Abuse -- Illicit Drug Abuse -- Stroke Complicating Use of Medications -- GENETIC CAUSES OF ISCHEMIC STROKE -- Homocystinuria -- Fabry-Anderson Disease -- Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes -- Kearns-Sayre Syndrome and Other Mitochondrial Diseases.

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy and Subcortical Ischemic Leukoencephalopathy.