Front Cover -- Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles: for Oil, Gas, Chemical and Related Facilities -- Copyright -- Preface -- About the Author -- Contents -- Chapter 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 - Fire, Explosions, and Environmental Pollution -- 1.2 - Historical Background -- 1.3 - Legal Influences -- 1.4 - Hazards and Their Prevention -- 1.5 - Risk Management and Insurance -- 1.6 - Senior Management Responsibility and Accountability -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 - Overview of Oil and Gas Facilities -- 2.1 - Introduction -- 2.2 - Exploration -- 2.3 - Production -- 2.4 - Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 2.5 - Transportation -- 2.6 - Refining -- 2.7 - Typical Refinery Process Flow -- 2.8 - Marketing -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 - Philosophy of Protection Principles -- 3.1 - Introduction -- 3.2 - Legal Obligations -- 3.3 - Insurance Recommendations -- 3.4 - Company and Industry Standards -- 3.5 - Worst Case Condition -- 3.6 - Independent Layers of Protection -- 3.7 - Design Principles -- 3.8 - Accountability and Auditability -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 - Physical Propertiesof Hydrocarbons -- 4.1 - Introduction -- 4.2 - General Description of Hydrocarbons -- 4.3 - Characteristics of Hydrocarbons -- 4.4 - Flash Point -- 4.5 - Autoignition Temperature -- 4.6 - Vapor Density Ratio -- 4.7 - Vapor Pressure -- 4.8 - Specific Gravity -- 4.9 - Flammable -- 4.10 - Combustible -- 4.11 - Heat of Combustion -- 4.12 - Some Common Hydrocarbons -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 - Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Releases, Fires, and Explosions -- 5.1 - Introduction -- 5.2 - Hydrocarbon Releases -- 5.3 - Gaseous Releases -- 5.4 - Mists or Spray Releases -- 5.5 - Liquid Releases -- 5.6 - Nature and Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Combustion -- 5.7 - Hydrocarbon Fires -- 5.8 - Deliberate Terrorist Explosions -- 5.9 - Semi-Confined Explosion Overpressures.

5.10 - Vapor Cloud Overpressures -- 5.11 - Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions -- 5.12 - Smoke and Combustion Gases -- 5.13 - Mathematical Consequence Modeling -- 5.14 - Methods of Extinguishing Flames -- 5.15 - Incident Scenario Development -- 5.16 - Terminology of Hydrocarbon Explosions and Fires -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 - Historical Survey of Fire and Explosions in the Hydrocarbon Industries -- 6.1 - Introduction -- 6.2 - Lack of Industry Incident Database and Analysis -- 6.3 - Insurance Industry Perspective -- 6.4 - Process Industry Perspective -- 6.5 - Major Incidents Affect Process Industry Safety Management -- 6.6 - Incident Data -- 6.7 - Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 - Risk Analysis -- 7.1 - Introduction -- 7.2 - Risk Identification and Evaluation -- 7.3 - Specialized Supplemental Studies -- 7.4 - Risk Acceptance Criteria -- 7.5 - Relevant and Accurate Data Resources -- 7.6 - Insurance Risk Evaluations -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 - Segregation, Separation, and Arrangement -- 8.1 - Introduction -- 8.2 - Segregation -- 8.3 - Separation -- 8.4 - Manned Facilities and Locations -- 8.5 - Process Units -- 8.6 - Storage Facilities - Tanks -- 8.7 - Flares and Burn Pits -- 8.8 - Critical Utilities and Support Systems -- 8.9 - Arrangement -- 8.10 - Plant Roads - Truck Routes, Crane Access, and Emergency Response -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 - Grading, Containment, and Drainage Systems -- 9.1 - Introduction -- 9.2 - Drainage Systems -- 9.3 - Process and Area Drainage -- 9.4 - Surface Drainage -- 9.5 - Open Channels and Trenches -- 9.6 - Spill Containment -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10 - Process Controls -- 10.1 - Introduction -- 10.2 - Human Observation -- 10.3 - Electronic Process Control -- 10.4 - Instrumentation, Automation, and Alarm Management -- 10.5 - System Reliability -- 10.6 - Transfer and Storage Controls.

10.7 - Burner Management Systems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11 - Emergency Shutdown -- 11.1 - Introduction -- 11.2 - Definition and Objective -- 11.3 - Design Philosophy -- 11.4 - Activation Mechanism -- 11.5 - Levels of Shutdown -- 11.6 - Reliability and Fail Safe Logic -- 11.7 - ESD/DCS Interfaces -- 11.8 - Activation Points -- 11.9 - Activation Hardware Features -- 11.10 - Isolation Valve Requirements -- 11.11 - Emergency Isolation Valves -- 11.12 - Subsea Isolation Valves -- 11.13 - Protection Requirements -- 11.14 - System Interactions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12 - Depressurization, Blowdown,and Venting -- 12.1 - Introduction -- 12.2 - Objective of Depressuring -- 12.3 - Blowdown -- 12.4 - Venting -- 12.5 - Flares and Burn Pits -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13 - Overpressure and Thermal Relief -- 13.1 - Introduction -- 13.2 - Causes of Overpressure -- 13.3 - Pressure Relief Valves -- 13.4 - Thermal Relief -- 13.5 - Solar Heat -- 13.6 - Pressure Relief Device Locations -- Bibliography -- Chapter 14 - Control of Ignition Sources -- 14.1 - Introduction -- 14.2 - Open Flames, Hot Work, Cutting, and Welding -- 14.3 - Electrical Arrangements -- 14.4 - Electrical Area Classification -- 14.5 - Electrical Area Classification - Divisions and Groups -- 14.6 - Surface Temperature Limits -- 14.7 - Classified Locations and Release Sources -- 14.8 - Protection Measures -- 14.9 - Smoking -- 14.10 - Static -- 14.11 - Lightning -- 14.12 - Internal Combustion Engines -- 14.13 - Hot Surface Ignition -- 14.14 - Pyrophoric Materials -- 14.15 - Spark Arrestors -- 14.16 - Hand Tools -- 14.17 - Mobile Telephones, Laptops, and Portable Electronic Field Devices -- Bibliography -- Chapter 15 - Elimination of Process Releases -- 15.1 - Introduction -- 15.2 - Inventory Reduction -- 15.3 - Vents and Relief Valves -- 15.4 - Sample Points -- 15.5 - Drainage Systems.

15.6 - Storage Facilities -- 15.7 - Pump Seals -- 15.8 - Vibration Stress Failure of Piping -- 15.9 - Rotating Equipment -- Bibliography -- Chapter 16 - Fire and Explosion-Resistant Systems -- 16.1 - Introduction -- 16.2 - Explosions -- 16.3 - Definition of Explosion Potentials -- 16.4 - Explosion Protection Design Arrangements -- 16.5 - Vapor Dispersion Enhancements -- 16.6 - Damage-Limiting Construction -- 16.7 - Fireproofing -- 16.8 - Radiation Shields -- 16.9 - Water Cooling Sprays -- 16.10 - Vapor Dispersion Water Sprays -- 16.11 - Locations Requiring Consideration of Fire-Resistant Measures -- 16.12 - Flame Resistance -- 16.13 - Fire Dampers -- 16.14 - Smoke Dampers -- 16.15 - Flame and Spark Arrestors -- 16.16 - Piping Detonation Arrestors -- Bibliography -- Chapter 17 - Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems -- 17.1 - Introduction -- 17.2 - Fire and Smoke Detection Methods -- 17.3 - Smoke Detectors -- 17.4 - Thermal or Heat Detectors -- 17.5 - Gas Detectors -- 17.6 - Application -- 17.7 - Catalytic Point Gas Detector -- 17.8 - Infra-red (IR) Beam Gas Detector -- 17.9 - Ultrasonic Area Gas Detector -- 17.10 - Alarm Setting -- 17.11 - Calibration -- 17.12 - Hazardous Area Classification -- 17.13 - Fire and Gas Detection Control Panels -- 17.14 - Graphic Annunciation -- 17.15 - Power Supplies -- 17.16 - Emergency Backup Power -- 17.17 - Time Delay -- 17.18 - Voting Logic -- 17.19 - Cross Zoning -- 17.20 - Executive Action -- 17.21 - Circuit Supervision -- 17.22 - Vibration Avoidance -- Bibliography -- Chapter 18 - Evacuation -- 18.1 - Introduction -- 18.2 - Emergency Response Plan -- 18.3 - Alarms and Notification -- 18.4 - Evacuation Routes -- 18.5 - Emergency Doors, Stairs, Exits, and Escape Hatches -- 18.6 - Marking and Identification -- 18.7 - Shelter-in-Place -- 18.8 - Offshore Evacuation -- Bibliography.

Chapter 19 - Methods of Fire Suppression -- 19.1 - Introduction -- 19.2 - Portable Fire Extinguishers -- 19.3 - Water Suppression Systems -- 19.4 - Water Supplies -- 19.5 - Fire Pumps -- 19.6 - Fire Pump Standards and Tests -- 19.7 - Firewater Distribution Systems -- 19.8 - Firewater Control and Isolation Valves -- 19.9 - Sprinkler Systems -- 19.10 - Water Deluge Systems -- 19.11 - Water Spray Systems -- 19.12 - Water Flooding -- 19.13 - Steam Smothering -- 19.14 - Water Curtains -- 19.15 - Blow Out Water Injection Systems -- 19.16 - Hydrants, Monitors, and Hose Reels -- 19.17 - Nozzles -- 19.18 - Foam Suppression Systems -- 19.19 - Manual Firefighting Utilization -- 19.20 - Gaseous Systems -- 19.21 - Chemical Systems -- 19.22 - Dual Agent Systems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 20 - Special Locations, Facilities,and Equipment -- 20.1 - Introduction -- 20.2 - Arctic Environments -- 20.3 - Desert Arid Environments -- 20.4 - Tropical Environments -- 20.5 - Earthquake Zones -- 20.6 - Offshore Facilities -- 20.7 - Pipelines -- 20.8 - Exploration Wellheads (Onshore and Offshore) -- 20.9 - Loading Facilities -- 20.10 - Electrical Equipment and Communications Rooms -- 20.11 - Oil Filled Transformers -- 20.12 - Battery Rooms -- 20.13 - Enclosed Turbines or Gas Compressor Packages -- 20.14 - Emergency Generators -- 20.15 - Heat Transfer Systems -- 20.16 - Cooling Towers -- 20.17 - Hydrocarbon Testing Laboratories (Including Oil or Water Testing and Darkrooms) -- 20.18 - Warehouses -- 20.19 - Cafeterias and Kitchens -- Bibliography -- Chapter 21 - Human Factors and Ergonomic Considerations -- 21.1 - Introduction -- 21.2 - Human Attitude -- 21.3 - Control Room Consoles -- 21.4 - Field Devices -- 21.5 - Instructions, Markings, and Identification -- 21.6 - Colors and Identification -- 21.7 - Noise Control -- 21.8 - Panic -- 21.9 - Security.

21.10 - Accommodation of Religious Practices.