Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- List of Data Tables -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Audience -- 1.2 Scope -- 1.3 Key Changes Since the Initial LOPA Concept Book -- 1.4 Recap of LOPA -- 1.4.1 What Is LOPA? -- 1.4.2 Common Elements of LOPA -- 1.4.3 When to Use LOPA -- 1.4.4 Inherently Safer Processes and LOPA -- 1.4.5 Advanced LOPA Techniques -- 1.5 Disclaimer -- 1.6 Linkage to Other CCPS Publications -- 1.7 Annotated Description of Chapters -- 2. Overview: Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers -- 2.1 LOPA Elements: An Overview -- 2.2 Management Systems to Support LOPA -- 2.3 Scenario Selection -- 2.4 Overview of Scenario Frequency -- 2.4.1 Scenario Definition and Level of Analysis -- 2.4.2 Equipment Failure Rate Considerations -- 2.4.3 Human Error Rate Considerations -- 2.4.4 Failure and Error Rate Data Sources -- 2.4.5 Validation of Failure/Error Rate Data -- 2.5 Overview of Consequences -- 2.5.1 Evaluation of Consequence Severity -- 2.5.2 Inherently Safer Design and Consequence Severity -- 2.6 Risk Considerations -- 2.6.1 Risk Assessment Methodologies -- 2.6.2 Risk Criteria -- 2.7 Conclusions -- 3. Core Attributes -- 3.1 Introduction to Core Attributes -- 3.2 Independence -- 3.2.1 Dependent Safety Systems -- 3.2.2 Common Cause Failure -- 3.2.3 Common Cause Modeled as Initiating Events -- 3.2.4 Advanced Methods for Addressing Common Cause -- 3.2.5 Common Cause Reflected in the Data Tables -- 3.3 Functionality -- 3.3.1 Time Dependency -- 3.3.2 SCAI and Response Time -- 3.3.3 Human-Based IPLs and Response Time -- 3.4 Integrity -- 3.4.1 Integrity of Equipment -- 3.4.2 Integrity as Related to Human IPLs -- 3.4.3 Revealed versus Unrevealed Failure -- 3.5 Reliability -- 3.5.1 Low Demand Mode -- 3.5.2 High Demand Mode -- 3.6 Auditability.

3.7 Access Security -- 3.8 Management of Change -- 3.9 Use of Data Tables -- 4. Example Initiating Events and IE Frequencies -- 4.1 Overview of Initiating Events -- 4.2 Inherently Safer Design and Initiating Event Frequency -- 4.3 Specific Initiating Events for Use in LOPA -- 4.3.1 Instrumented System Initiating Events -- 4.3.2 Human Error Initiating Events -- 4.3.3 Active Mechanical Component Initiating Events -- 4.3.4 Loss of Containment Initiating Events -- 4.4 External Events -- 4.5 What If Your Candidate Initiating Event Is Not Shown in a Data Table? -- 5. Example IPLs and PFD Values -- 5.1 Overview of Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) -- 5.1.1 General Requirements for IPLs -- 5.1.2 IPLs versus Safeguards -- 5.1.3 Basic Assumptions for IPLs -- 5.2 Specific Independent Protection Layers for Use in LOPA -- 5.2.1 Passive IPLs -- 5.2.2 Active IPLs -- 5.3 What If Your Candidate IPL Is Not Shown in a Data Table? -- 6. Advanced LOPA Topics -- 6.1 Purpose -- 6.2 Use of QRA Methods Relative to LOPA -- 6.2.1 Use of QRA Methods in Conjunction with LOPA -- 6.2.2 Use of QRA Methods Instead of LOPA -- 6.2.3 Example: FTA to Evaluate a Complex IE -- 6.2.4 Use of HRA to Evaluate a Human IE -- 6.3 Evaluation of Complex Mitigative IPLs -- 6.4 Conclusions -- Appendices -- Appendix A. Human Factors Considerations -- Appendix B. Site-Specific Human Performance Data Collection and Validation -- Appendix C. Site-Specific Equipment Data Collection and Validation -- Appendix D. Example Reliability Data Conversion for Check Valves -- Appendix E. Considerations for Overpressure of Pressure Vessels and Piping -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- EULA.