LITHIUM BATTERIES -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS: BASICS -- 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND ION TRANSPORT -- 2 CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL -- 2.1 Temperature Dependence of the Reversible Cell Voltage -- 2.2 Chemical Potential -- 2.3 Electrochemical Potential -- 2.4 The Nernst Equation -- 2.5 Electrochemical Double Layer -- 3 OHMIC LOSSES AND ELECTRODE KINETICS -- 3.1 Ohmic Potential Losses -- 3.2 Kinetic Overpotential -- 3.3 The Butler-Volmer Equation -- 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 2 LITHIUM BATTERIES: FROM EARLY STAGES TO THE FUTURE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ADVENT OF THE RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERY -- 3 A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE -- 4 BEYOND THE HORIZON -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 ADDITIVES IN ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Shortcomings of Standard Liquid or Gel Electrolytes -- 1.2 The Advent of Additives -- 1.3 Additive Criteria and Development Process -- 2 LiPF6 SALT STABILIZERS -- 2.1 Hindering and Deactivating PF5 -- 2.2 Impurity Scavenging -- 2.3 Anion Receptors -- 3 OVERCHARGE PROTECTORS -- 3.1 Redox Shuttles -- 3.2 Shutdown Additives -- 4 FLAME RETARDANTS -- 4.1 Classical Phosphates -- 4.2 Cyclic Phosphazenes -- 4.3 Ionic Liquids as Additives -- 5 SYNERGY EFFECTS BETWEEN ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVES -- 5.1 Double-Functionality Additives -- 5.2 Synergies of Single-Functionality Additives -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES WITH HIGH-VOLTAGE CATHODES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OXIDATION REACTIONS OF THE ELECTROLYTE WITH TRADITIONAL METAL OXIDE CATHODE MATERIALS -- 3 THERMAL REACTIONS OF THE ELECTROLYTE WITH THE SURFACE OF METAL OXIDE CATHODES -- 4 FORMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE MATERIALS -- 4.1 Chemistry of Cathodes at High Voltage.

4.2 Novel Organic Solvents with Greater Oxidative Stability: Sulfones, Nitriles, and Fluorinated Solvents -- 4.3 Novel Additives for Cathode Surface Passivation -- 5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 CORE-SHELL STRUCTURE CATHODE MATERIALS FOR RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 LAYER-STRUCTURED CORE-SHELL -- 3 LAYER-STRUCTURED CORE-SHELL PARTICLES WITH A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT -- 4 SPHERICAL CORE-SHELL Li[(Li0.05Mn0.95)0.8(Ni0.25Mn0.75)0.2]2O4 SPINEL -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS AND EXPECTANCY IN LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY STORAGE -- 3 DEVELOPMENT OF LITHIUM BATTERIES -- 3.1 Lithium Batteries for Electric Vehicles -- 3.2 Lithium Batteries for Mobile Applications -- 4 DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS FOR RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES -- 4.1 Safety -- 4.2 Lifetime -- 4.3 High Energy Density -- 4.4 Cathode Materials -- 4.5 Anode Materials -- 4.6 Electrolytes -- 5 PRODUCTION OF ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES -- 5.1 Energy and Power Density -- 5.2 Particle Nature -- 5.3 Composite Electrodes -- 5.4 Current Collectors -- 6 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7 FLUORINE-BASED POLYANIONIC COMPOUNDS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRODE MATERIALS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF FLUORINE-BASED CATHODE MATERIALS -- 3 ALKALI METAL FLUOROPHOSPHATES -- 3.1 Li1±xVPO4F -- 3.2 NaVPO4F -- 3.3 (Na2-xLix)MPO4F -- 3.4 Li2MPO4F (M= Fe, Co, Ni) -- 3.5 LiFePO4F -- 3.6 LiTiPO4F -- 4 ALKALI METAL FLUOROSULFATES -- 4.1 LiFeSO4F -- 4.2 LiMSO4F (M= Co, Ni, Mn, Zn) -- 4.3 Li(Fe1-xMx)SO4F (M= Mn, Zn) -- 4.4 NaMSO4F (M= Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Mg, Zn, Cu) -- 4.5 NaMSO4F·2H2O (M= Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) -- 5 PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 LITHIUM-AIR AND OTHER BATTERIES BEYOND LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ULTRAHIGH-ENERGY-DENSITY BATTERIES.

3 RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES -- 3.1 Nonaqueous Lithium-Air Battery -- 3.2 Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Organic Electrolytes for the Lithium-Air Battery -- 3.3 Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for the Lithium-Air Battery -- 4 LITHIUM-AIR CELLS -- 4.1 Catalysis of the Lithium-Air Battery -- 4.2 Lithium Anode Protection -- 5 SOLID-STATE LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES -- 6 PERSPECTIVE -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 AQUEOUS LITHIUM-AIR SYSTEMS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 LITHIUM-AIR POSITIVE ELECTRODES FOR AQUEOUS CATHOLYTE SYSTEMS -- 2.1 Temperature and Pressure Effects -- 2.2 Carbon in Air Electrodes -- 2.3 Catalysts -- 3 THE LITHIUM ANODE -- 4 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 INTERFACE RESISTANCE BETWEEN THE POLYMER ELECTROLYTE AND LITHIUM METAL -- 3 DENDRITE FORMATION AT THE LITHIUM METAL/POLYMER ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE -- 4 WATER-STABLE LITHIUM ELECTRODES WITH A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE BUFFER LAYER FOR LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 KINETICS OF THE OXYGEN ELECTRODE IN LITHIUM-AIR CELLS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETIC PATHS IN THE VARIOUS LITHIUM-AIR CELL TYPES -- 2.1 Aprotic (Nonaqueous) and Full Solid-State Electrolyte -- 2.2 Aqueous and Mixed Aprotic/Aqueous Electrolyte -- 3 OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION KINETICS -- 3.1 Catalyst Effect -- 3.2 Effect of Current Density, Catalyst Surface, and Loading -- 3.3 Theoretical Origin of the Catalyst Effect -- 3.4 Superoxide Stabilization with Large Cations -- 3.5 Capacity-Limiting Mechanisms -- 3.6 Electrolyte Reactivity and Alternative Reaction Mechanisms in ORR and OER -- 4 OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION KINETICS -- 4.1 Oxide Catalysts -- 4.2 Nonnoble Metal Catalysts -- 4.3 Noble Metal Catalysts -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

CHAPTER 12 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS FOR USE IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 Li4Ti5O12 FOR HIGH-POWER, LONG-LIFE, AND SAFE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYNTHESIS OF Li4Ti5O12 -- 3 STRUCTURAL INSIGHT OF Li4Ti5O12 -- 4 SUPERIOR ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF Li4Ti5O12-BASED LITHIUM-ION CHEMISTRY -- 5 UNMATCHED SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES USING Li4Ti5O12 -- 6 CLOSING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 SAFE LITHIIUM RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES BASED ON IONIC LIQUIDS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 IONIC LIQUIDS -- 3 LITHIUM-METAL RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES IN IONIC LIQUIDS -- 4 LITHIUM INTERCALATION RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES INVOLVING IONIC LIQUIDS: HQ WORK -- 4.1 Graphite Anodes and LiFePO4 Cathodes: Comparison of Behavior in Some Ionic Liquids and Conventional EC-DEC Electrolytes -- 4.2 Lithium-Ion Ionic Liquid/Gel-Polymer Battery Systems -- 4.3 Electrolytes with Enhanced Safety and Electrochemical Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mixtures of Ionic Liquids and Organic Aprotic Solvents -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15 ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS FOR RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ELECTROLYTES FOR RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM BATTERIES -- 3 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO SOLUTION PROPERTIES FOR RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM BATTERIES -- 4 KNOWLEDGE BASE CONCERNING THE MAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS FOR RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM BATTERIES -- 5 PRINCIPAL SOLUTION SPECIES OBTAINED FROM THE REACTION OF ORGANOCHLOROALUMINUM AND ORGANOCHLOROMAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS -- 6 CORRELATION BETWEEN SOLUTION IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND THE EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTION SPECIES -- 7 CORRELATION BETWEEN SOLUTION SPECIES AND THE METAL ELECTRODEPOSITED.

8 ELECTROCHEMICAL STABILITY WINDOW OF THE SOLUTION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH SOLUTION CHEMISTRIES -- 9 KINETICS, REVERSIBILITY, AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE MAGNESIUM DEPOSITION AND STRIPPING PROCESS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH THE SOLUTION SPECIES -- 10 SOLUTION CHEMICAL STABILITY AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS -- 11 INSERTION OF MAGNESIUM IONS INTO INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPLEX SALT SOLUTIONS -- 12 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE OF MAGNESIUM ORGANOHALOALUMINATE SOLUTIONS CONTAINING PHENYL LIGANDS -- 13 SURVEY OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS FOR RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM BATTERIES -- 14 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 RECHARGEABLE SODIUM AND SODIUM-ION BATTERIES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MODERATE-TEMPERATURE RECHARGEABLE SODIUM BATTERIES -- 2.1 Rechargeable Sodium Batteries with Transition Metal Sulfide Cathodes in Molten NaAlCl4 -- 2.2 Rechargeable Sodium Batteries with Transition Metal Chloride Cathodes in NaAlCl4 -- 3 RECHARGEABLE SODIUM BATTERIES WITH Na INSERTION CATHODES -- 3.1 Transition Metal Sulfide and Selenide Cathodes -- 3.2 Na Insertion Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes and Na-Ion Batteries -- 4 PERSPECTIVES -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Advert.