Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Abbreviations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Environment and Development Framework -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Pace of Economic Growth and Development -- 2.3 Sectoral Structure of the Economy -- 2.4 Energy -- 2.5 Urbanization -- 2.6 Future Prospects -- 3. Natural Resources Management -- 3.1 Climate and Topography -- 3.2 Land Resources and Land Degradation -- 3.3 Biodiversity -- 3.4 Forests -- 4. Water and Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management -- 4.1 Water Quantity and Quality -- 4.2 Air Quality and Sources of Air Pollution -- 4.3 Solid Waste -- 5. The Climate Change Agenda -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Contribution to Climate Change of the People's Republic of China -- 5.3 How the People's Republic of China Has Been and Might Be Affected by Climate Change -- 5.4 The Strategic Position of the People's Republic of China on Climate Change -- 5.5 Climate Change Strategies under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) -- 5.6 Barriers -- 5.7 Role of the Asian Development Bank -- 6. Policy, Institutional, and Fiscal Frameworks for Environmental Protection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Strategic Framework and the "Three Shifts" -- 6.3 The Institutional Framework for Environmental Management and Protection -- 6.4 Changes in Laws, Regulations, and Related Instruments -- 6.5 Fiscal Dimensions of Environmental Management -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 7. Strategic Framework for Environmental Protection -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Macro-Environmental Strategy of the Ministry of Environmental Protection -- 7.3 The 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 7.4 Environmental Strategy for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) -- 8. Implications for the Country Partnership Strategy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Asian Development Bank's Assistance Program.

8.3 Private Sector Participation in ADB's Environmental Projects -- 8.4 Environmental Assistance of Other Donors -- 8.5 Policy and Institutional Issues: Environmental Impact Assessment -- 8.6 Assessment of ADB Performance in the People's Republic of China -- 8.7 Strategic Directions of the People's Republic of China and Possible Areas of ADB Assistance -- References -- Tables -- 1 Cities of the People's Republic of China, by Population Size, 2005 -- 2 Urban Population Projections, 2005-2025 -- 3 Biodiversity of the People's Republic of China in Comparison to the World's Biodiversity -- 4 Biodiversity Endemicity of the People's Republic of China -- 5 Forest Area by Forest Classification, 7th National Forest Resource Inventory -- 6 Forestland by Arbor Age Class, 6th and 7th National Forest Resource Inventory -- 7 Six Main Forestry Programs of the People's Republic of China -- 8 Average Total Renewable Water Resources, 1956-2007 -- 9 Differences in Water Quality between Northern and Southern Rivers, 2009 -- 10 Summary of 2007 National Groundwater Quality Survey -- 11 Estimated Nonpoint Water Pollution Discharges -- 12 Proportion of Livestock Subsector Production from Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises -- 13 Climate-Related Disasters and their Socioeconomic Impacts on the People's Republic of China, 1900-2010 -- 14 Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources -- 15 Projected Climate Change and Agricultural Productivity by 2080, Business-as-Usual Scenario -- 16 Employees and Budgets of the Ministries of Environment in Selected Countries -- 17 Environmental Capacity Building under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 18 Main Laws for Natural Resources and Environmental Management Approved since 2006 -- 19 Expenditures under Item 211 for 2008 and 2009 -- 20 Revenues Collected and Disbursements Made by Level of Government, 2007.

21 Summary of Special Funds for Environmental Protection Administered through the Ministry of Finance -- 22 Macroeconomic Assumptions for the 11th Five-Year Plan Period -- 23 Primary Environmental Objectives and Achievements under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 24 Key Qualitative Objectives under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 25 Other Objectives and Achievements of Environmental Relevance under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 26 Capacity Building Programs for the 11th Five-Year Plan Period -- 27 Environment, Natural Resources, and Agriculture Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 28 Environment, Natural Resources, and Agriculture Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 29 Urban and Social Development Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 30 Urban Development Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 31 Energy Sector Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 32 Energy Sector Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 33 Transport Sector Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 34 Transport Sector Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) -- 35 Summary of Issues Arising from the Implementation of the Safeguard Policy Statement in the People's Republic of China -- 36 Non-Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Delivered during the 9th, 10th, and 11th Five-Year Plans -- Figures -- 1 Real Gross Domestic Product Growth of BRIC Countries and the United States, 1990-2008 -- 2 Composition of Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1998-2009 -- 3 Economic Energy Intensity and Per Capita Energy Consumption, 1990-2009 -- 4 Economic Efficiency of Energy Consumption, 2000-2007 -- 5 Components of the Energy Mix in the People's Republic of China, 1990-2008.

6 Urban and Rural Population Trends, 1982-2008 -- 7 Annual Plantation Establishment Rates, 2001-2007 -- 8 Total Water Consumption and Sector Consumption, 2000-2008 -- 9 Water Utilization Rates by River Basin -- 10 General Surface Water Quality Trends, 1998-2009 -- 11 Water Quality of Key Lakes and Reservoirs, 2003-2009 -- 12 Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Flows and Chemical Oxygen Demand Loads, 1999-2009 -- 13 Major Sources of Industrial Chemical Oxygen Demand Discharges -- 14 Livestock Numbers in the People's Republic of China, 1978-2005 -- 15 Ambient Urban Air Quality Trends, 1999-2009 -- 16 Changes in Air Pollutant Emission Intensities, 1997 and 2009 -- 17 Industrial Air Emissions, 1998-2009 -- 18 Number of Civil and Private Vehicles and Gross Domestic Product Growth in the People's Republic of China, 1978-2007 -- 19 Growth of Municipal Solid Waste Production and Gross Domestic Product, 2000-2008 -- 20 Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the People's Republic of China (1980-2008), Compared to Selected Major Economies -- 21 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Project in the People's Republic of China, Under Different Development Scenarios -- 22 Actual and Projected Total Energy Demand in the People's Republic of China, 2000-2050 -- 23 Schematic Diagram of the Environmental Supervision System in the People's Republic of China -- 24 Investments in the Treatment of Environmental Pollution, 2004-2008 -- 25 Sector Distribution of ADB Lending by Value, 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan Periods -- 26 ADB Lending, 1991-2010 -- Boxes -- 1 The Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Program -- 2 The People's Republic of China-Global Environment Facility Partnership to Combat Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems -- 3 Tai Lake Cleanup.