Preface -- Abbreviations -- Authors index -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 Adults with childhood illnesses -- CHILDHOOD INTO ADULTHOOD -- 2 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology, assessment and treatment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, comorbidities and associated features -- 2.3 Assessment of ADHD in children and adolescents -- 2.4 Treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents -- 2.5 ADHD in adulthood: epidemiology, comorbidities and associated features -- 2.6 Assessment of ADHD in adults -- 2.7 Treatment of ADHD in adults -- 2.8 Conclusions -- 3 Adults with cystic fibrosis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CF care paradigm -- 3.3 Transition from pediatric to adult care -- 3.4 Challenges of treatment burden and adherence to maintain lung function -- 3.5 Diseases of aging in CF: diabetes, osteoporosis and malignancy -- 3.6 Depression and its impact on CF -- 3.7 Achieving a "normal" life -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Childhood asthma into adult years -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of asthma -- 4.2.1 Environmental factors -- 4.2.2 Host factors (genes and sex) -- 4.3 Natural history of asthma -- 4.3.1 Natural history of asthma symptoms -- 4.3.2 Natural history of lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity -- 4.4 Prognostic factors of childhood asthma -- 4.4.1 Childhood predictors of asthma -- 4.5 Clinical differences of asthma in childhood versus adulthood -- 4.6 Predicting adult asthma -- 4.7 Asthma symptoms in childhood and adulthood -- 4.8 Impact of environmental factors -- 4.9 Asthma and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- 4.10 Impact of therapy upon the natural course of asthma -- 4.11 Conclusions -- 5 Cyanotic congenital heart defects in adulthood -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Presentation in adult years.

5.3 Complications of right-to-left shunts -- 5.4 Patients who have had surgery for a right-to-left shunt -- 5.5 Other cardiac complications in adults survivors of cyanotic heart defects in childhood -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 6 Obstructive and regurgitant cardiac lesions in adults who had childhood heart disease -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction -- 6.2.1 Aortic valve stenosis and bicuspid aortic valve -- 6.2.2 Subvalvular aortic stenosis -- 6.2.3 Supravalvular aortic stenosis -- 6.3 Aortic valve regurgitation -- 6.4 Coarctation of the aorta -- 6.5 Mitral valve stenosis -- 6.6 Mitral valve regurgitation -- 6.6.1 Mitral valve prolapse -- 6.6.2 Postoperative mitral regurgitation -- 6.7 Tricuspid stenosis -- 6.8 Tricuspid valve regurgitation -- 6.8.1 Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve -- 6.9 Pulmonary stenosis -- 6.10 Pulmonary regurgitation -- 7 Adults with left-to-right cardiac shunts and with shunts treated in childhood -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Atrial septal defects -- 7.2.1 Secundum ASDs -- 7.2.2 Sinus venosus ASD with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return -- 7.2.3 Endocardial cushion (atrioventricular canal) defects -- 7.2.4 Primum ASD (partial atrioventricular canal defect) -- 7.2.5 Complete atrioventricular canal defect -- 7.2.6 VSDs -- 7.2.7 PDA -- 7.2.8 Pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome -- 7.2.9 Future considerations -- 8 Transition of pediatric endocrine patients to adult care -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 TS -- 8.2.1 Management considerations -- 8.2.2 Pediatric issues -- 8.3 CAH -- 8.3.1 Diagnostic considerations -- 8.3.2 CAH therapeutic management -- 8.3.3 Management in adults -- 8.4 DM -- 8.4.1 Incidence and prevalence of T1DM -- 8.4.2 Diagnostic considerations -- 8.4.3 Diagnostic considerations -- 8.4.4 Management considerations -- 8.4.5 The team approach.

8.4.6 Main components of DM management -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9 Adolescents and adults with inborn errors of metabolism -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Historical perspective of IEM -- 9.3 Prototype IEM: classic PKU -- 9.3.1 PKU: the beginning -- 9.3.2 PKU: Dietary treatment begins in the 1950s -- 9.3.3 PKU in the 1960s: newborn screening begins and improvements in dietary therapy -- 9.3.4 PKU: maternal PKU syndrome -- 9.3.5 PKU from 1965 to 2000: challenges in dietary treatment -- 9.3.6 PKU in 2007: cofactor therapy with BH4 in classic PKU and hyperphenylalaninemia -- 9.4 Advances in the diagnosis and therapies of IEM -- 9.4.1 2000 to 2006: Expanded Metabolic Screening of newborns -- 9.4.2 Metabolic diseases are invariably hereditary -- 9.5 Treatment teams -- 9.6 Pediatric patients are surviving and thriving -- 9.7 Advances in diagnosis and treatment are ongoing -- 9.7.1 Treatment strategies in IEM -- 9.8 Rigors of maintaining treatment: compliance issues -- 9.8.1 Dietary challenges in the management of PKU -- 9.9 Unique features of IEM that are helpful in the diagnosis and management of adolescents and adults -- 9.10 Conclusion -- 10 Grownups who had kidney disease in childhood -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Spectrum of kidney diseases in children -- 10.3 Physical health aspects of CKD in the child -- 10.4 Mental health aspects of CKD in the child -- 10.5 CKD: special implications related to the transitioning from pediatric to adult care -- 10.6 The adult patient with CKD as a child -- 10.7 Physical aspects of grownups with renal disease since childhood -- 10.8 Psychosocial issues in adults with childhood-onset kidney disease -- 10.9 Conclusions -- 11 Adult survivors of childhood cancer -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Hereditary considerations in cancer survivorship.

11.3 Comprehensive long term follow-up care initiatives -- 11.4 Overview of adverse late effects as a function of therapy type -- 11.5 Secondary malignancies -- 11.6 Cardiopulmonary complications -- 11.7 Endocrine complications -- 11.8 Adverse outcomes in the CNS -- 11.9 Reproduction and fertility -- 11.10 Other late effects -- 11.11 Psychosocial support -- 11.12 Future considerations -- 11.13 Resources available to the healthcare provider -- 11.13.1 Clinical guidelines -- 11.13.2 Patient education materials -- 11.13.3 Textbooks and other publications -- 12 Adults with genetic syndromes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Velo-cardio facial syndrome: deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 -- 12.3 TS -- 12.4 Noonan syndrome -- 12.5 Down syndrome (trisomy 21) -- 12.6 Williams-Beuren Syndrome -- 12.7 Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndromes (LDS) -- 12.8 Summary -- 13 Adult considerations of pediatric urologic care -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Upper urinary tract -- 13.2.1 Malignant upper tract pediatric urologic disease -- 13.2.2 Current treatment for specified malignancies -- 13.2.3 Post-treatment sequelae of surgery -- 13.2.4 Post-treatment sequelae of chemotherapy -- 13.2.5 Post-treatment sequelae of radiation therapy -- 13.2.6 Non-malignant upper tract pediatric urologic disease -- 13.2.7 Vesicoureteral reflux -- 13.2.8 Cystic kidney disorders -- 13.2.9 Duplicated urinary collecting systems -- 13.2.10 UPJO -- 13.2.11 Chronic pyelonephritis and renal scarring -- 13.2.12 Rotational/ascent/fusion/formation anomalies of the kidney -- 13.2.13 Megatureter, ectopic ureter and ureterocele -- 13.2.14 Lower urinary tract and genitalia -- 13.2.15 Malignant lower tract and genital-associated pediatric urologic disease -- 13.2.16 Testicular tumors -- 13.2.17 Pelvic sarcomas -- 13.2.18 Post-treatment sequelae of surgery.

13.2.19 Post-treatment sequelae of chemotherapy -- 13.2.20 Post-treatment sequelae of radiation therapy -- 13.2.21 Non-malignant lower tract and genital-associated pediatric urologic disease -- 13.2.22 Posterior urethral valves -- 13.2.23 Hypospadias -- 13.2.24 Undescended testicles -- 13.2.25 Non-neuropathic bladder voiding dysfunction -- 13.2.26 Neuropathic bladder voiding dysfunction and urinary reconstruction -- 13.2.27 Prune belly syndrome, bladder exstrophy-epispadias, urachal cyst/patent urachus and congenital urethral strictures -- 13.3 Abnormalities of sexual differentation -- 14 Adults patients with childhood anemias -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Anemias through decreased production of RBCs -- 14.3 Anemias through abnormal maturation of RBCs: thalassemia syndromes -- 14.4 Anemias through increased destruction of RBCs -- 14.5 Sickle cell disease -- 14.5.1 Pulmonary complications -- 14.5.2 Hepatobilliary complications -- 14.5.3 Renal complication -- 14.5.4 Ocular complications -- 14.5.5 Bone complications -- 14.5.6 Dermatologic complications -- 14.5.7 Management -- 14.5.8 Transfusion therapy -- 14.5.9 Hydroxyurea -- 14.5.10 SCT -- 14.5.11 Prognosis -- 14.6 Anemias due to membrane defects: hereditary spherocytosis -- 14.7 Anemias due to enzyme deficiencies in RBCs -- 14.8 Long-term consequences of therapies used for various anemias -- 14.8.1 Splenectomy -- 14.8.2 Chronic transfusion therapy -- 15 Transition from pediatric to adult care: Social and family issues -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Transition -- 15.3 Conclusions -- 16 Disabled women and reproductive healthcare in the USA -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Health disparities for females with disabilities -- 16.2.1 Demographics -- 16.3 Women with physical disabilities -- 16.3.1 Access to services -- 16.3.2 Sexuality.

16.3.3 Specific reproductive issues.