Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Cryosphere Science: Series Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the companion website -- Chapter 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Remote sensing -- 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation -- 1.2.2 Passive systems -- 1.2.3 Active systems -- 1.3 The cryosphere -- References -- Chapter 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere -- 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow -- 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared -- 2.1.2 Microwave region -- 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice -- 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared -- 2.2.2 Microwave region -- 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice -- 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets -- 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared -- 2.4.2 Microwave region -- 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil -- 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared -- 2.5.2 Microwave region -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Chapter 3 Remote sensing of snow extent -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products -- 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI) -- 3.3 Passive microwave products -- 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products -- 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models -- 3.6 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Chapter 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Forward modeling -- 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer -- 4.4 Inverse problem -- 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited.

Chapter 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Photogrammetry -- 5.3 LiDAR -- 5.4 Gamma radiation -- 5.5 Gravity data -- 5.6 Passive microwave data -- 5.7 Active microwave data -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Chapter 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting -- 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors -- 6.2.2 Microwave sensors -- 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow -- 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land -- 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland -- 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors -- 6.4.2 Microwave sensors -- 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Acronyms -- Chapter 7 Remote sensing of glaciers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fundamentals -- 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research -- 7.4 Methods -- 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping -- 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers -- 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data -- 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes -- 7.4.5 Area and length changes -- 7.4.6 Volumetric glacier changes -- 7.4.7 Glacier velocity -- 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet -- 7.5.1 Surface elevation -- 7.5.2 Glacier extent -- 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Chapter 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets -- 8.1 Introduction to accumulation -- 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets -- 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing -- 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods -- 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation -- 8.3.1 Ground-based -- 8.3.2 Airborne.

8.4 Modeling of accumulation -- 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Acronyms -- Website cited -- Chapter 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice -- 9.2 Radar principles -- 9.2.1 Radar sounder -- 9.2.2 Radar equation -- 9.3 Pulse compression -- 9.4 Antennas -- 9.5 Example results -- 9.6 SAR and array processing -- 9.7 SAR Interferometry -- 9.7.1 Introduction -- 9.7.2 Basic theory -- 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems -- 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- Acronyms -- Chapter 10 Gravimetry measurements from space -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging -- 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE -- 10.4 Results -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Acronyms -- Chapter 11 Remote sensing of sea ice -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent -- 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers -- 11.2.2 Active microwave-scatterometry and radar -- 11.2.3 Visible and infrared -- 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses -- 11.3 Sea ice drift -- 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth -- 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates -- 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates -- 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness -- 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature -- 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up -- 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction -- 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature -- 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead -- References -- Acronyms -- Website cited -- Chapter 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice.

12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology -- 12.2.2 Ice types -- 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice -- 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature -- 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes -- 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice -- 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology -- 12.3.2 Ice types, ice jams and flooded areas -- 12.3.3 Ice thickness -- 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities -- 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting -- 12.4 Conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Chapter 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground -- 13.1 Permafrost-an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System" -- 13.2 Mountain permafrost -- 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms -- 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models -- 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement -- 13.3 Lowland permafrost-identification and mapping of surface features -- 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation -- 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms -- 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation -- 13.4 Lowland permafrost-remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state -- 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing -- 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing -- 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys -- 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry -- 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw? -- 13.5 Outlook-remote sensing data and permafrost models -- References -- Acronyms.

Chapter 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Physical properties of interest -- 14.2.1 Surface properties -- 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties -- 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties -- 14.3.1 Topography -- 14.3.2 Snow depth -- 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density -- 14.3.4 Temperature -- 14.3.5 Stratigraphy -- 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness -- 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements -- 14.4.1 Topography -- 14.4.2 Surface properties -- 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties -- 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground -- 14.5.1 Active microwave -- 14.5.2 Passive microwave -- 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples -- 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns -- 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns -- 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns -- 14.7 Conclusions -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Chapter 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 SMOS and SMAP -- 15.3 CoReH20 -- 15.4 ICESat and ICESat-2 -- 15.5 Operation IceBridge -- 15.6 CryoSat-2 -- References -- Acronyms -- Websites cited -- Index -- EULA.