Contents -- Foreword -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Basic Principles and Challenges -- 1.2 Past and Ongoing VANET Activities -- 1.2.1 From the beginning to the mid 1990s -- 1.2.2 From the mid 1990s to the present -- 1.2.3 Examples of current project results -- 1.3 Chapter Outlines -- References -- 2 Cooperative Vehicular Safety Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Motivation -- 2.1.2 Chapter outline -- 2.2 Enabling Technologies -- 2.2.1 Communication requirements -- 2.2.2 Vehicular positioning -- 2.2.3 Vehicle sensors -- 2.2.4 On-board computation platforms -- 2.3 Cooperative System Architecture -- 2.4 Mapping for Safety Applications -- 2.4.1 Non-parametric path prediction -- 2.4.2 Parametric path prediction -- 2.4.3 Stochastic path prediction -- 2.5 VANET-enabled Active Safety Applications -- 2.5.1 Infrastructure-to-vehicle applications -- 2.5.2 Vehicle-to-vehicle applications -- 2.5.3 Pedestrian-to-vehicle applications -- References -- 3 Information Dissemination in VANETs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Obtaining Local Measurements -- 3.3 Information Transport -- 3.3.1 Protocols for information transport -- 3.3.2 Improving network connectivity -- 3.3.3 What to transport -- 3.4 Summarizing Measurements -- 3.5 Geographical Data Aggregation -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 VANET Convenience and Efficiency Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Limitations -- 4.2.1 Capacity -- 4.2.2 Connectivity -- 4.2.3 Competition -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.4 Communication Paradigms -- 4.4.1 Centralized client/server systems -- 4.4.2 Infrastructure-based peer-to-peer communication -- 4.4.3 VANET communication -- 4.5 Probabilistic, Area-based Aggregation -- 4.5.1 FM sketches -- 4.5.2 Using sketches for data aggregation in VANETs -- 4.5.3 Soft-state sketches.

4.5.4 Forming larger area aggregates -- 4.5.5 Application study -- 4.6 Travel Time Aggregation -- 4.6.1 Landmark-based aggregation -- 4.6.2 Judging the quality of information -- 4.6.3 Hierarchical landmark aggregation -- 4.6.4 Evaluation -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Vehicular Mobility Modeling for VANET -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Notation Description -- 5.3 Random Models -- 5.4 Flow Models -- 5.4.1 Microscopic flow models -- 5.4.2 Macroscopic flow models -- 5.4.3 Mesoscopic flow models -- 5.4.4 Lane changing models -- 5.4.5 Intersection management -- 5.4.6 Impact of flow models on vehicular mobility -- 5.5 TrafficModels -- 5.5.1 Trip planning -- 5.5.2 Path planning -- 5.5.3 Influence of time -- 5.5.4 Impact of traffic models on vehicular mobility -- 5.6 BehavioralModels -- 5.7 Trace or Survey-based Models -- 5.8 Integration with Network Simulators -- 5.8.1 Network simulators -- 5.8.2 Isolated mobility models -- 5.8.3 Embedded mobility models -- 5.8.4 Federated mobility models -- 5.8.5 Application-centric versus network-centric simulations -- 5.8.6 Discussion -- 5.9 A Design Framework for Realistic Vehicular Mobility Models -- 5.9.1 Motion constraints -- 5.9.2 Traffic generator -- 5.9.3 Application-based level of realism -- 5.10 Discussion and Outlook -- 5.11 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Physical Layer Considerations for Vehicular Communications -- 6.1 Standards Overview -- 6.1.1 A brief history -- 6.1.2 Technical alterations and operation -- 6.2 Previous Work -- 6.3 Wireless Propagation Theory -- 6.3.1 Deterministic multipath models -- 6.3.2 Statistical multipath models -- 6.3.3 Path loss modeling -- 6.4 Channel Metrics -- 6.4.1 Delay spread -- 6.4.2 Coherence bandwidth -- 6.4.3 Doppler spread -- 6.4.4 Coherence time -- 6.4.5 Impact on OFDM systems -- 6.5 Measurement Theory -- 6.6 Empirical Channel Characterization at 5.9 GHz.

6.6.1 Highway environments -- 6.6.2 Urban environments -- 6.6.3 Rural LOS environments -- 6.6.4 Results summary -- 6.6.5 Analysis -- 6.7 Future Directions -- 6.8 Conclusion -- 6.9 Appendix: Deterministic Multipath Channel Derivations -- 6.9.1 Complex baseband channel representation - continuous time -- 6.9.2 Complex baseband channel representation - discrete time -- 6.10 Appendix: LTV Channel Response -- 6.11 Appendix: Measurement Theory Details -- 6.11.1 PN sequence bits -- 6.11.2 Generation of LTI channel estimates -- 6.11.3 Generation of Ricean K-factor estimates -- References -- 7 MAC Layer and Scalability Aspects of Vehicular Communication Networks -- 7.1 Introduction: Challenges and Requirements -- 7.2 A Survey on Proposed MAC Approaches for VANETs -- 7.2.1 Time-division multiple access based approaches -- 7.2.2 Space-division multiple access based approaches -- 7.2.3 Code-division multiple access based approaches -- 7.3 Communication Based on IEEE 802.11p -- 7.3.1 The IEEE 802.11 standard -- 7.3.2 IEEE 802.11p: towards wireless access in vehicular environments -- 7.3.3 Modeling and simulation of IEEE 802.11p-based networks -- 7.4 Performance Evaluation and Modeling -- 7.4.1 Performance results of IEEE 802.11p-based active safety communications -- 7.4.2 Computational costs of simulation -- 7.4.3 Analytical models for performance of IEEE 802.11 networks -- 7.4.4 An empirical model for performance of IEEE 802.11p networks -- 7.4.5 Conclusion -- 7.5 Aspects of Congestion Control -- 7.5.1 The need for congestion control -- 7.5.2 Congestion control by means of transmit power control -- 7.5.3 Congestion control by means of rate control -- 7.6 Open Issues and Outlook -- References -- 8 Efficient Application Level Message Coding and Composition -- 8.1 Introduction to the Application Environment -- 8.1.1 Safety applications and data requirements.

8.1.2 Desirable architectural features -- 8.1.3 Broadcast characteristics -- 8.2 Message Dispatcher -- 8.2.1 Data element dictionary -- 8.2.2 Message construction -- 8.2.3 What and when to send -- 8.3 Example Applications -- 8.3.1 Emergency brake warning -- 8.3.2 Intersection violation warning -- 8.3.3 Message composition -- 8.3.4 Implementation -- 8.3.5 Analysis -- 8.4 Data Sets -- 8.5 Predictive Coding -- 8.5.1 Linear predictive coding -- 8.5.2 System model -- 8.5.3 Tolerable error -- 8.5.4 Predictive coding transmission policies -- 8.5.5 Predictive coding results -- 8.6 Architecture Analysis -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Data Security in Vehicular Communication Networks -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Outline -- 9.1.2 State of the art -- 9.2 Challenges of Data Security in Vehicular Networks -- 9.3 Network, Applications, and AdversarialModel -- 9.3.1 Network model -- 9.3.2 Applications model -- 9.3.3 Attacker model -- 9.4 Security Infrastructure -- 9.4.1 Cryptography services -- 9.4.2 Key management -- 9.5 Cryptographic Protocols -- 9.5.1 Certificate verification -- 9.5.2 Encryption -- 9.5.3 Key agreement -- 9.5.4 Authentication -- 9.5.5 Secure positioning -- 9.5.6 Identification of misbehaving nodes -- 9.5.7 Summary -- 9.6 Privacy Protection Mechanisms -- 9.6.1 Properties -- 9.6.2 Key assignment -- 9.6.3 Tracking vehicles -- 9.6.4 Evaluation -- 9.7 Implementation Aspects -- 9.7.1 Cryptographic schemes and key length -- 9.7.2 Physical security -- 9.7.3 Organizational aspects -- 9.7.4 Update of software and renewal of certificates -- 9.8 Outlook and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Standards and Regulations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Layered Architecture for VANETs -- 10.2.1 General concepts and definitions -- 10.2.2 A protocol stack for DSRC -- 10.3 DSRC Regulations -- 10.3.1 DSRC in the United States -- 10.3.2 DSRC in Europe.

10.4 DSRC Physical Layer Standard -- 10.4.1 OFDM physical medium dependent (PMD) function -- 10.4.2 OFDM physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) function -- 10.5 DSRC Data Link Layer Standard (MAC and LLC) -- 10.5.1 Medium access control (MAC) sublayer -- 10.5.2 Logical link control (MAC) sublayer -- 10.6 DSRCMiddle Layers -- 10.6.1 MAC extension for multi-channel operation: IEEE 1609.4 -- 10.6.2 Network services for DSRC: network and transport layers, IEEE 1609.3 -- 10.6.3 WSA length summary -- 10.6.4 Middle layer security: IEEE 1609.2 -- 10.7 DSRCMessage Sublayer -- 10.7.1 SAE J2735 DSRC message sets -- 10.7.2 Case study: The basic safety message -- 10.7.3 Case study: The probe vehicle data message -- 10.7.4 Case study: The roadside alert message -- 10.8 Summary -- 10.9 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- References -- Index.