Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- List of Maps -- Foreword -- Part 1: The Challenge -- Preface to Part 1 -- I. The Age of the Democratic Revolution -- The Revolution of Western Civilization -- A "Democratic" Revolution: "Democrat" and "Aristocrat" in European Languages -- A Preview of What Follows -- II. Aristocracy about 1760: The Constituted Bodies -- The Diets of Eastern Europe -- Councils and Estates of the Middle Zone -- The Provincial Estates and Parlements of France -- Parliaments and Assemblies in the British Isles and America -- III. Aristocracy about 1760: Theory and Practice -- Montesquieu, Real de Curban, Blackstone, Warburton -- Uses and Abuses of Social Rank -- Problems of Administration, Recruitment, Taxation, and Class Consciousness -- IV. Clashes with Monarchy -- The Quasi­Revolution in France, 1763-1774 -- The Monarchist Coup d'Etat of 1772 in Sweden -- The Hapsburg Empire -- V. A Clash with Democracy: Geneva and Jean­Jacques Rousseau -- Rousseau, Voltaire, and Geneva to 1762 -- The Social Contract, 1762 -- The Genevese Revolution of 1768 -- VI. The British Parliament between King and People -- The British Constitution -- The First American Crisis: The Stamp Act -- Tribulations of Parliament, 1766-1774 -- The Second American Crisis: The Coercive Acts and the Continental Congress -- VII. The American Revolution: The Forces in Conflict -- The Revolution: Was There Any? -- Anglo­America before the Revolution -- The Revolution: Democracy and Aristocracy -- The Revolution: Britain and Europe -- VIII. The American Revolution: The People as Constituent Power -- The Distinctiveness of American Political Ideas -- Constitution-Making in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts -- A Word on the Constitution of the United States -- Ambivalence of the American Revolution -- IX. Europe and the American Revolution.

The Sense of a New Era -- Channels of Communication -- The Depths of Feeling -- The American Constitutions: An International Argument -- X. Two Parliaments Escape Reform -- The Arming of Ireland: "Grattan's Parliament" -- The "Association" Movement in England -- The Reform Bills and Their Failure -- The Conservatism of Edmund Burke -- The "Appellation of Citizen" vs. the Test Act -- XI. Democrats and Aristocrats-Dutch, Belgian, and Swiss -- The Dutch Patriot Movement -- The Belgian Revolution -- A View of Switzerland -- Reflections on the Foregoing -- XII. The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism -- Joseph II: The Attempted Revolution from Above -- Leopold II: The Aristocratic Counterattack -- Three Charters of the North -- XIII. The Lessons of Poland -- The Gentry Republic -- The Polish Revolution: The Constitution of 1791 -- A Game of Ideological Football -- XIV. The French Revolution: The Aristocratic Resurgence -- The Problem of the French Revolution -- Ministers and Parlements, 1774-1788 -- The Aristocratic Revolt -- XV. The French Revolution: The Explosion of 1789 -- The Formation of a Revolutionary Psychology -- The Overturn: May to August 1789 -- The Constitution: Mounier and Sieyès -- Part 2: The Struggle Preface to Part 2 -- XVI. The Issues and the Adversaries -- Bastille Day, 1792 -- Ideological War -- The Adversaries -- Shades of Doctrine -- XVII. The Revolutionizing of the Revolution -- The "Second" French Revolution -- Popular Revolutionism -- International Revolutionism -- XVIII. Liberation and Annexation: 1792-1793 -- The Storm in the Low Countries -- The Submersion of Poland -- XIX. The Survival of the Revolution in France -- Gouvernement Révolutionnaire -- Reaction against Popular and International Revolutionism -- The Moral Republic -- The Meaning of Thermidor -- XX. Victories of the Counter­Revolution in Eastern Europe.

The Problem of Eastern Europe -- The Impact of the Western Revolution in Russia -- The Abortive Polish Revolution of 1794 -- Agitations in the Hapsburg Empire -- The Jacobin Conspiracies at Vienna and in Hungary, 1794 -- An Addendum on Southeast Europe -- XXI. The Batavian Republic -- The Dutch Revolution of 1794-1795 -- The Frustration of the Conciliators -- Federalists and Democrats -- The Coup d'Etat of January 22, 1798: Dutch Democracy at Its Height -- A Word on the Dutch of South Africa -- XXII. The French Directory: Mirage of the Moderates -- After Thermidor -- The Directory -- The Sources of Moderate Strength -- XXIII. The French Directory between Extremes -- Democracy and Communism -- The Throne and the Altar -- Fructidor and Floréal -- XXIV. The Revolution Comes to Italy -- "World Revolution" as Seen from Paris, 1796 -- The Beginning of French Action in Italy -- Italy before 1796 -- The Kingdom of Corsica -- XXV. The Cisalpine Republic -- The Val Padana and the Bridge at Lodi -- The Cispadane Republic -- The Venetian Revolution and the Treaty of Campo Formio -- The Cisalpine Republic: Sketch of a Modern State -- Politics and Vicissitudes of the Cisalpine -- XXVI. 1798: The High Tide of Revolutionary Democracy -- The Great Nation, the Sister­Republics, and the Wave of Cisalpinization -- A Comparative View of the New Republican Order -- The Republican Constitutions -- Religion and Revolution: Christianity and Democracy -- XXVII. The Republics at Rome and Naples -- The Politics of the Semi-Peace -- The Roman Republic -- The Neapolitan Republic -- XXVIII. The Helvetic Republic -- Switzerland before 1798 -- Geneva: Revolution and Annexation -- The Swiss Revolutionaries -- Swiss Unity vs. External Pressures -- Internal Stresses in the Helvetic Republic -- XXIX. Germany: The Revolution of the Mind -- The Ambiguous Revolution.

Mainz Jacobins and Cisrhenane Republicans -- The Colossi of the Goethezeit -- Counter­Revolutionary Cross Currents -- XXX. Britain: Republicanism and the Establishment -- British Radicalism and Continental Revolution -- Clubs and Conventions -- The "Lévee en Masse" of the People of Quality -- The Abortive Irish Revolution of 1798 -- XXXI. America: Democracy Native and Imported -- The "Other" Americas, Latin and British -- Which Way the New Republic? -- The Impact of the Outside World -- The "Corruption of Poland" -- Democracy in America -- XXXII. Climax and Dénouement -- The Still Receding Mirage of the Moderates -- The Conservative Counter-Offensive of 1799 -- The Revolutionary Re-Arousal and Victory -- Two Men on Horseback -- Appendixes -- I. References for the Quotations at Heads of Chapters -- II. Translations of Metrical Passages -- III. Excerpts from Certain Basic Legal Documents -- 1. The Russian Charter of Nobility, 1785 -- 2. The Prussian General Code, 1791 -- 3. The Swedish Act of Union and Security, 1789 -- 4. The Polish Constitution of 1791 -- 5. The Hungarian Coronation Oath of 1790 -- 6. The Brabant Declaration of Independence, 1789 -- 7. The Geneva Edict of Pacification, 1782 -- 8. The Canada Act, 1791 -- 9. The Constitutions of the United States, 1787, and of Pennsylvania, 1790 -- 10. The French Constitution of 1789-1791 -- IV. The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, and the French Declaration of Rights of 1789 -- V. "Democratic" and "Bourgeois" Characteristics in the French Constitution of 1791: Property Qualifications in France, Britain, and America -- Index.