CONTENTS -- Preface -- Understanding and modeling the Universe and its luminous systems -- An accelerating closed Universe J. Overduin & W. Priester -- 1. Dark Matter and the Evolution of the Universe -- 2. The Matter Density Parameter M,0 -- 3. The Vacuum Energy Density Parameter -- 4. The (Four?) Elements of Modern Cosmology -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The entangled Universe T. Wilson & H.-J. Blome -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Horizons and Nonlocal Quantum Cosmology -- 3. Examples: Nonlocality in Nuclear Physics and Quantum Mechanics -- 4. BCS Theory and Quantum Cosmology -- 5 . Rindler Wedges and Time-Like Killing Vectors -- 6. Lee's Theorem and Quantum Gravity -- 7. Examples of Lee's Theorem -- 8. Derivation of the Quantum Temperature of the Accelerating Universe -- 9. Quantum Temperature of Flat, Accelerating FL Models -- 10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The physics of extragalactic jets from multiwavelength observations R. M. Sarnbruna -- 1. Introduction and Motivation -- 2. Sample selection and Observations -- 3 . Results -- 3.1. Detection rates and Jets morphologies -- 3.2. Spectral Energy Distributions -- 3.3. Caveats -- 4. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Supernovae I. J. Danziger -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Supernovae -- 3. A Physical Understanding -- 3.1. Thermonuclear Supernovae -- 3.2. Core-collapse Supernovae -- 4. Historical Galactic Supernovae -- 5. Supernova Rates and Places of Occurrence -- 6. Asymmetric Explosions and Polarization of Light -- 7. Energies -- 8. Light Curves -- 8.1. Thermonuclear or Type l a SNe -- 8.2. Core-collapse or Type Ib,c and II -- 9. Distance Determinations -- 9.1. Type Ia -- 9.2. Type II -- 10. Element Production and Abundances -- 10.1. Methods -- 10.2. Photospheric Line Analysis -- 10.3. Nebular Spectral Line Analysis.

10.4. Abundances from Light Curves -- 10.4.1. Type I a -- 10.4.2. Type II -- 10.5. Gamma- Ray Observations -- 11. The Gamma-Ray Burst Connection -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Gamma-ray and neutrino signatures of cosmic ray acceleration by pulsars W. Bednarek -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanisms of particle acceleration -- 2.1. Formation of a neutron star -- 2.2. Inner magnetosphere -- 2.3. Light cylinder region -- 2.4. Pulsar wind zone -- 2.5. Pulsar nebula -- 3. Contribution of pulsars to the cosmic rays -- 4. Signatures of cosmic ray acceleration -- 4.1. Prompt gamma-my and neutrino emission -- 4.2. Delayed gamma-ray and neutrino emission -- 4.2.1. Pulsar an the interstellar medium -- 4.2.2. Pulsar in the high density medium -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Gamma rays from PSR B1259-63/Be binary system A Sierpowska & W. Bednarek -- 1. Introduction -- 2. High energy processes inside a binary system -- 3. Gamma-rays from inverse Compton Scattering -- 3.1. The wind region -- 3.2. The shock region -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Young compact objects in the solar vicinity S. B. Popov, M. R. Prokhorov, M. Colpi, R. Turolla & A . Treves -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Close young neutron stars -- 2.1. Log N - Log S distribution -- 2.2. Census of close young isolated neutron stars of different types -- 2.3. Alignment -- 2.4. Possible correlation between initial magnetic fields and masses of neutron stars -- 3. Close young isolated black holes -- 4. Conclusions -- 5. Acknowledgments -- References -- Cosmic rays -- Cosmic ray diffusion in the dynamic Milky Way: model, measurement and terrestrial effects N . J. Shaviv -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diffusion in a Dynamic Galaxy -- 3. The cosmic ray flux variability from meteorites -- 4. Do Cosmic rays affects the climate? -- 5. Ice Age Epochs and Spiral Passages.

6. Star Formation Rate and Long Term Glacial Activity -- 7. And the Dinosaurs? -- 8. Summary -- References -- Cosmic ray energy spectra and composition near the "knee" J . P. Wefel -- 1. Introduction and History -- 2. The "Problem" of the Knee -- 3. The Standard Model: Supernova Remnant Acceleration -- 4. Experimental Data -- 5. Summary and Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Energetic particle populations inside and around the solar system P. Kiraly -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The heliosphere and its environment -- 2.1. The solar sytern and the heliosphere -- 2.2. Dimensions and basic structure of the heliosphere -- 2.3. Some complications -- 3. Energetic particle populations in the heliosphere -- 3.1. I s there a baseline population? -- 3.2. Solar energetic particles -- 3.3. Acceleration and propagation in the inner heliosphere -- 3.4. Messengers from the outer heliosphere and beyond -- 4. Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- On the origin and propagation of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays M. Giller -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The energy spectrum -- 2.1. Energy losses of protons -- 2.2. Energy losses of heavy nuclei -- 2.3. Maximum path length -- 2.4. Predictions of the ambient CR energy spectrum -- 2.5. The observations -- 2.6. Attempts to explain the AGASA spectrum (no cutoff) -- 3. Angular distribution of arrival directions -- 3.1. Large scale anisotropy -- 3.2. Multiple events -- 3.2.1. Observations -- 3.2.2. Multiplet probabilities -- 3.3. Implication for the intergalactic matter -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Gamma ray bursts, supernovae, and cosmic ray origin C. D. Dermer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observations of GRBs -- 3. GRB Source Models -- 4. Cosmic Ray Production by GRBs -- 4.1. UHECR Production by GRBs -- 4.2. Rate and Power of GRBs in the Milky Way -- 5. Conclusions.

Acknowledgments -- References -- The Alpha magnetic spectrometer M. Ionica for the AMS Collaboration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The AMS detector on the STS-91 mission -- 3. Physics results from the AMS experiment on the STS-91 flight -- 3.1. Search for Anti-helium -- 3.2. Measurements of the Cosmic Ray spectrum -- 4. Conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The deconvolution of the energy spectrum for the TRACER experiment A. A. Radu, D. Muller & F. Gahbauer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Deconvolution of the Energy Spectrum -- 2.1. Method A -- 2.2. Method B -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Compton scatter transition radiation detectors for ACCESS G. L. Case & M. L. Cherry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Optimizing TRDs for high energies -- 3. Accelerator test of Compton Scatter TRD -- 4. Application to ACCESS -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A new measurement of the pf and p- spectra at several atmospheric depths with CAPRICE98 P. Hansen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The experiment -- 2.1. Rich -- 2.2. The time of flight -- 2.3. The tracking system -- 2.4. The calorimeter -- 3. Data Analysis -- 3.1. Particle selection -- 3.1.1. Tracking -- 3.1.2. Scintillators and time-of-flight -- 3.1.3. The Rich -- 3.1.4. The Calorimeter -- 3.2. Contamination -- 3.3. Eficiency determination -- 4. Results -- References -- Extensive air showers -- Ultra high energy cosmic rays: present status and future prospects A . A. Watson -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement of UHECR -- 3. The Energy Spectrum, Arrival Direction Distribution and Mass of UHECRs -- 3.1. Energy Spectrum -- 3.2. Arrival Direction Distribution -- 3.3. Mass Composition -- 4. Theoretical Interpretations -- 4.1. Electromagnetic Processes -- 4.2. Non-electromagnetic Processes -- 5. Detectors of the Future -- 5.1. The Pierre Auger Observatory -- 6. EUSO and OWL -- Acknowledgements.

Measurement and reconstruction of extensive air showers with the KASCADE field array G. Maier for the KASCADE Collaboration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The KASCADE experiment -- 3. Field Array -- 4. Reconstruction of extensive air showers -- 5. Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Aspects of the reconstruction chain for the fluorescent telescopes of the Pierre Auger observatory F. Nerling for the Auger Collaboration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Setup -- 3. Reconstruction Chain -- 3.1. Shower Geometry -- 3.2. Overview -- 3.3. Some Results -- 3.4. Pixel Pointing -- 3.5. Gerenkov Contamination -- 4. Conclusions & outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Simulations of extensive air showers: a hybrid method J. Alvarez-Muniz, R. Engel, T. K. Gaisser, J. A . Ortiz & T. Stanev -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Hybrid Simulation Technique -- 3. Results for proton-initiated showers -- 3.1. Depth of Maximum Development -- 3.2. Number of Muons -- 4. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Delayed signals - new method of hadron studies K. Jgdrzejczak -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Array -- 3. Delayed signals -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Delayed signals i n GM counters -- 4.2. Delayed signals in a set of counters -- 5. Hypotheses on DS phenomenon -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- The Roland Maze Project K. Jedrzejczak -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The main aim of the experiment -- 3. The idea of the experiment -- 4. The additional subject -- 5 . Why Roland Maze ? -- 6. Summary -- Gamma ray and neutrino astronomy -- TeV observations of extragalactic sources at the Whipple Observatory D. Horan -- 1. Detecting Very High Energy (VHE) r-rays From The Ground -- 2. Extragalactic Sources of VHE r-rays -- 2.1. Blazars -- 2.2. The Blazar Sequence -- 3. Detected Sources of VHE 7-rays -- 3.1. Markarian 421 (Mrk421) -- 3.2. Markarian 501 (Mrk501) -- 3.3. lES2344+514 (lES2344).

3.4. H1426+428 (H1426).