About the Author -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- A. A Shifting Understanding of Sovereignty -- B. International Norms, Law, and Policy -- C. Civil Conflict and Coup d'État Under International Law -- 1. Civil Conflict and Coup d'État Defined -- 2. Intervention Prohibited -- 3. Self-Determination and Secession -- 4. Humanitarian Laws in Armed Conflict -- 5. Coup d'État -- D. Outline -- Chapter 2: Methodological Issues -- A. An Appropriate Customary Law Methodology -- 1. Legal Methodology and the Emergence of Human Rights Customary Law Norms -- 2. Elements of the Customary Law Context -- a. Whose Practice Is Relevant? -- b. Condemnation Followed by Sanctions -- c. Verbal Acts and Physical Actions -- d. A Question of Consent? -- e. Inconsistent Practice -- 3. International Law and Non-State Actors -- B. The Normative Impact of Security Council Practice -- 1. The Relevance of Resolutions -- a. Textual Interpretation -- b. When Are Resolutions Binding? -- i. Non-Chapter VII Resolutions -- ii. Resolutions Addressed at Parties vs. U.N. Members -- iii. Non-State Actors? -- 2. The Security Council and Customary Law -- a. The Approach of the Court and Commentators -- i. The International Court of Justice -- ii. The View of Commentators -- b. Evidence of Practice and Opinio Juris of States -- i. The Practice of an International Organization -- ii. Analogy with the General Assembly? -- iii. Authority of the Council -- iv. Seriousness and Binding Nature of Resolutions -- v. Decision-Making Body -- vi. Consequential Practice of States Under Resolutions -- c. Conclusion -- 3. Quasi-Legislative Impact -- a. Quasi-Judicial -- b. Explicit Quasi-Legislative Determinations -- c. Implicit Quasi-Legislative Prohibitions? -- i. Ad Hoc Policy or Binding Prohibitions? -- ii. Council Sanctions and Illegality.

d. Conclusion -- 4. Shaping International Policy -- a. Crystallizing the Opinion of the International Community -- b. Shaping the Practice of States -- 5. Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Security Council Response to Extreme Political Violence -- A. The Legal Framework -- 1. Pacific Settlement of Disputes -- 2. Intervention Under Chapter VII -- 3. Peace-Keeping Forces -- B. The Practice of the Council -- 1. Rejecting Violence to Resolve Political Disputes -- a. Overview of the Practice -- i. The Balkans -- ii. Kosovo -- iii. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia -- iv. Other Practice -- v. Contrary Practice -- vi. Rejecting Violent Breach of a Cease-Fire or Peace Agreement -- b. Ad Hoc Response to a Threat to International Peace and Security or Binding Principle? -- c. Conclusion -- 2. Rejecting Political Violence Against a Democratically Elected Government -- a. Overview of the Practice -- b. Analysis -- 3. An Obligation to Resolve Conflicts Peacefully? -- a. Overview of the Practice -- b. Analysis -- 4. Rejecting Violence Against Civilians -- 5. Conclusion -- Chapter 4: The Response of States and Regional Organizations -- A. Sierra Leone -- 1. Prohibition on Violence Against a Democratically Elected Government -- a. Condemnation of the Coup and Calls for the Junta to Step Down -- b. Sanctions Against the Rebels -- c. Forceful Intervention -- 2. Prohibition on Recourse to Violence to Resolve Political Disputes -- 3. Prohibition on Violence Against Civilians -- 4. Summary -- B. Côte D'Ivoire -- 1. Prohibition on Violence Against a Democratically Elected Government -- 2. Prohibition on Recourse to Violence to Resolve Political Disputes -- 3. Prohibition on the Breach of a Peace or Cease-Fire Agreement -- 4. Prohibition on Violence Against Civilians -- 5. Summary -- C. Liberia -- 1. Prohibition on Violence Against a Democratically Elected Government.

2. Prohibition on Violence Against Civilians -- 3. Prohibition on Recourse to Violence to Resolve Political Disputes -- 4. Prohibition on the Breach of a Peace or Cease-Fire Agreement -- 5. Summary -- D. The A.U. and ECOWAS Security Treaties -- 1. Prohibition on Violence to Resolve Political Disputes -- 2. Prohibition on Violence Against Civilians -- 3. Prohibition on Violence Against a Democratically Elected Government -- 4. Summary -- E. Conclusion -- Chapter 5: The Nature and Impact of the Emerging Norms -- A. The Domestic Nature of Civil Conflicts? -- B. Prohibition on Political Violence Against a Democratic Government -- 1. The Impact of the Norm -- C. Prohibition on Violence to Gain Political Power? -- 1. A Broad Support -- D. Realpolitik and Normative Trends -- 1. Implied Exceptions -- 2. Ethical and Political Rationales -- Appendix 1: Security Council Practice in Civil Conflicts -- Appendix 2: Table of Security Council Interventions and Consent -- Appendix 3: Rationale for Non-Intevention in Conflicts -- Bibliography -- Table of Security Council Resolutions -- Index.