Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- SECTION I: INTRODUCTION -- 1 Introduction and Scope -- 1.1 Historical Prologue -- 1.2 The Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science -- References -- 2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques: Basics and Instrumentation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques -- 2.2.1 The basics and some comparisons -- 2.2.1.1 Wavelength/Wavenumber Ranges and Selection Rules -- 2.2.1.2 Sampling Considerations -- 2.2.1.3 Sensitivity, Surfaces and Signal Enhancement Techniques -- 2.2.1.4 IR and Raman Bands -- 2.2.2 Quantitative and classification analyses -- 2.2.2.1 Multivariate Data Analyses -- 2.2.2.2 Data Pre-Processing -- 2.2.3 Reference databases and search libraries/algorithms -- 2.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Instrumentation -- 2.3.1 Spectrometers -- 2.3.1.1 Sources -- 2.3.1.2 Detectors -- 2.3.1.3 Spectrometers and Interferometers -- 2.3.2 Vibrational spectroscopy-microscopy systems -- 2.3.2.1 Mapping and Imaging -- 2.3.3 Fibre optics and fibre-optic probes -- 2.3.4 Remote, portable, handheld, field-use, and stand-off vibrational spectroscopy instrumentation -- 2.4 Closing Remarks -- References -- 3 Vibrational Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques -- 3.2.1 Raman spectroscopy -- 3.2.1.1 Raman Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques and Considerations -- 3.2.1.2 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.2.1.3 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.2.1.4 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.2.1.5 Transmission Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.2.1.6 Raman Microscopy/Microspectroscopy and Imaging -- 3.2.1.7 Remote and Fibre-Optic Probe Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.2.2 Mid-infrared spectroscopy.

3.2.2.1 Mid-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques -- 3.2.2.2 Mid-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques -- 3.2.2.3 Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy -- 3.2.2.4 Mid-Infrared Microscopy/Microspectroscopy and Imaging -- 3.2.3 Near-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques -- 3.2.3.1 Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy -- 3.2.3.2 Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy -- 3.2.3.3 Near-Infrared Transflection Spectroscopy -- 3.2.3.4 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Interactance and Fibre-Optic Probe Measurements -- 3.2.3.5 Near-Infrared Microscopy and Imaging -- 3.2.4 Terahertz/far-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques -- 3.3 Closing Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- SECTION II: CRIMINAL SCENE -- 4 Criminal Forensic Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Forensic Analysis -- 4.3 General Use of IR and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis -- 4.3.1 Progression of infrared spectroscopy development in forensic analysis -- 4.3.2 Progression of Raman spectroscopy development in forensic analysis -- 4.3.3 Sampling methods -- 4.3.3.1 Microscopes -- 4.3.3.2 Reflection Methods -- 4.3.3.3 Gas Chromatography/IR -- 4.3.3.4 Spectral Imaging -- 4.4 Applications of Evidential Material Analysis -- 4.4.1 Polymers -- 4.4.1.1 General -- 4.4.1.2 Copy Toners -- 4.4.1.3 Fibres -- 4.4.1.4 Paints -- 4.4.1.5 Tapes -- 4.4.2 Drugs -- 4.4.3 Explosives -- 4.4.4 Fingerprint analysis -- 4.5 Summary and Future Direction -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4.1 Forensic Analysis of Hair by Infrared Spectroscopy -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Basic Forensic Hair Analysis -- 4.1.3 Uniqueness of Hair to Chemical Analysis -- 4.1.4 Mechanism for Chemical Substance Incorporation into Hair -- 4.1.5 Applications -- 4.1.6 Disease Diagnosis -- 4.1.7 Summary -- References.

4.2 Raman Spectroscopy for Forensic Analysis of Household and Automotive Paints -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Paint Composition -- 4.2.3 Analysis of Resin Bases -- 4.2.4 White Paint -- 4.2.5 Coloured Household Paints -- 4.2.6 Multi-Layer Paints -- 4.2.7 Automotive Paint -- 4.2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4.3 Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Inks on Written Documents -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Experimental -- 4.3.3 Chemical Differences in the Composition of Writing Inks through Time, and Modern Inks: Major Groups -- 4.3.4 Ink Discrimination -- 4.3.5 Forensic Test -- 4.3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4.4 Forensic Analysis of Fibres by Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.1.1 Forensic importance of fibres -- 4.4.1.2 Types of fibres -- 4.4.1.3 Dyes -- 4.4.1.4 Why use vibrational spectroscopy? -- 4.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 4.4.2.1 Instrumentation and sample preparation -- 4.4.2.2 Transmission mid-IR microspectroscopy -- 4.4.2.3 ATR IR microspectroscopy -- 4.4.2.4 IR synchrotron radiation -- 4.4.2.5 Mid-IR imaging -- 4.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy -- 4.4.3.1 Application to fibres -- 4.4.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering -- 4.4.3.3 Raman spectroscopy of titania filler -- 4.4.4 Data Analysis -- 4.4.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4.5 In Situ Crime Scene Analysis -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Instrumentation -- 4.5.2.1 Raman spectrometers -- 4.5.2.2 Infrared spectrometers -- 4.5.3 Applications -- 4.5.3.1 Conditions of analysis -- 4.5.3.2 General chemical analysis -- 4.5.3.3 Explosives -- 4.5.3.4 Drugs -- 4.5.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4.6 Raman spectroscopy gains currency -- 4.6.1 Introduction -- 4.6.2 Banknotes -- 4.6.3 Postage Stamps -- 4.6.4 Potential Forensic Applications -- 4.6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.

SECTION III: COUNTER TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY -- 5 Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Explosives Identification -- 5.2.1 Level of chemical identification -- 5.2.2 Capability to analyse a large range of explosives and related chemicals -- 5.2.3 Other positive features of IR and Raman spectroscopy in explosive analysis -- 5.2.4 Case Studies - Example 1 -- 5.3 Portable IR and Raman Instruments -- 5.3.1 Case Studies - Example 2 -- 5.4 Post-Blast Examinations -- 5.5 Detection of Explosives in Fingerprints -- 5.6 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy -- 5.6.1 Applications of SORS in explosive analysis -- 5.7 Terahertz Spectroscopy of Explosives -- 5.7.1 Sampling modes and sample preparation -- 5.7.2 THz spectroscopy of explosives and explosive related materials -- 5.8 Summary -- Glossary -- References -- 5.1 Tracing Bioagents - a Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for a Fast and Reliable Identification of Bioagents -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Toxins -- 5.1.3 Viruses -- 5.1.4 Bacteria -- 5.1.4.1 Bulk samples -- 5.1.4.2 Single bacterium identification -- 5.1.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 5.2 Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation -- 5.2.1 Background -- 5.2.2 Introduction -- 5.2.3 UV Excited Raman Studies of Explosives -- 5.2.4 FT-Raman Studies of Explosives -- 5.2.5 Neither FT-Raman nor Traditional Dispersive Raman -- 5.2.6 Surface Enhanced Raman and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Studies of Explosives -- 5.2.7 Dispersive Raman Studies of Explosives -- 5.2.8 Compact Dispersive Raman Spectrometers for the Study of Explosives -- 5.2.9 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy -- 5.2.10 Stand-Off Raman of Explosives -- 5.2.11 Raman Microscopy and Imaging -- 5.2.12 Vehicle-Mounted Raman Analysers.

5.2.13 Classification Schema for Explosives -- 5.2.14 Summary -- References -- 5.3 Handheld Raman and FT-IR Spectrometers -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Handheld/Portable Raman and FT-IR Devices -- 5.3.3 Explosives -- 5.3.4 Tactical Considerations -- 5.3.5 Sample Considerations -- 5.3.6 Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy Explosive Identification Capabilities -- 5.3.7 Performance Characterisation -- 5.3.8 Summary -- Disclaimer -- References -- 5.4 Non-Invasive Detection of Concealed Liquid and Powder Explosives using Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Discussion and Examples -- 5.4.3 Summary -- References -- 5.5 Terahertz Frequency Spectroscopy and its Potential for Security Applications -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Terahertz Frequency Radiation -- 5.5.3 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy -- 5.5.4 Examples of the Use of THz Spectroscopy to Detect Materials of Security Interest -- 5.5.4.1 Explosives -- 5.5.4.2 Drugs of abuse -- 5.5.4.3 Terahertz frequency imaging -- 5.5.4.4 Spectroscopy and imaging of concealed materials -- 5.5.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- SECTION IV: DRUGS AND DRUGS OF ABUSE -- 6 Raman Spectroscopy of Drugs of Abuse -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Bulk Drugs -- 6.2.1 General introduction -- 6.2.2 Experimental considerations -- 6.2.3 Laboratory-based methods -- 6.2.3.1 Screening and Identification -- 6.2.3.2 Quantitative Analysis -- 6.2.3.3 Composition Profiling -- 6.2.4 Raman outside the laboratory -- 6.3 Trace Detection -- 6.3.1 Drug microparticles -- 6.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6.1 Drugs of Abuse - Application of Handheld FT-IR and Raman Spectrometers -- 6.1.1 Introduction -- 6.1.2 Advantages of Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 6.1.3 General Drugs of Abuse - Introduction -- 6.1.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy.

6.1.5 Analysis of Street Samples.